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  ,USE AN ASSORT;T ( FRUITS1 VEGETA#S1
AND_/OR SPORTS BALLS 6MIMIC ! RELATIVE
SIZE (! PLANETS4 ,H /UD5TS ORD] !M AC
6_! 4T.E F ! ,SUN (CLOSE/ 6F>!/)_4 ,H
!M ID5TIFY : IS ! L>GE/1 SMALLE/1
CLOSE/ 9 SIZE 6,E>?1 ETC4 ,-PLE;T ?
ACTIV;Y )! USE (! ,RELATIVE ,SIZES (!
,PLANETS ,OV]LAY4
  .,LANGUAGE .,3NEC;N3 ,REVIEW ! M1N+
( IMPORTANT CONCEPTS_/TERMS FREQU5TLY
5C.T]$ DUR+ ! 4CUS.N ( PLANETS3




                                   #AE
.,AXIS--,! IMAG9>Y L9E "? A       A#AA
  PLANET'S C5T]1 F NOR? 6S\? POLES1
  >.D : A PLANET SP9S L A TOP4
.,ELLIPSE--,! %APE ( EA* PLANET'S
  ORBITAL PA? T RESEM#S A SQUA%$
  CIRCLE4
-----------------------------------#AB
.,GRAV;Y--,A =CE 2T BODIES T ATTRACTS
  "O 6! O!R4 ,! M MASS A PLANET HAS1 !
  M P[];L XS GRAV;Y4 ,! ,SUN'S MASS
  HAS A TREM5D\S GRAVIT,NAL PULL ON !
  OBJECTS 9 ! ,SOL> ,SY/EM4
.,ORBIT--,A PLANET'S PA? >.D ! ,SUN4
  ,ALL PLANETS ORBIT ! ,SUN 9 A
  C.T]CLOCKWISE DIREC;N4
.,REVOLU;N--,! AM.T ( "T X TAKES =A
  PLANET 6TRAVEL (ORBIT) >.D ! ,SUN
  ONCE--! L5G? ( XS YE>4
.,ROT,N--,! AM.T ( "T X TAKES =A
  PLANET 6ROTATE AB XS AXIS--! L5G? (
  XS "D4

  ,9VITE /UD5TS 6CR1TE ORIG9AL
MNEMONICS = REMEMB]+ ! CORRECT ORD] (!
PLANETS BAS$ ON 4T.E F ! ,SUN (CLOSE/
6F>!/)_4                          A#AB

,EXAMPLE3 .,M,'Y .,V,'ERY
  .,E,'XCELLENT .,M,'OTHER .,J,'UST
  .,S,'ERVED .,U,'S .,N,'ACHOS

  ,ALL[ /UD5TS 6REGUL>LY PO/ 8,SPACE
,NEWS0 F ! NEWSPAP] & ,9T]NET ON A
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4COV]IES AB PLANETS1 />S1 GALAXIES1 &
O!R OBJECTS 9 \R ,SOL> ,SY/EM4
-----------------------------------#AC
  ,5C\RAGE /UD5TS 62COME FAMILI> )
9T]E/+ FACTS AB EA* PLANET1 Z WELL Z !
,SUN &! ,MOON1 0US+ ! PROVID$
,A/RONOMY ,QK ,FACT ,C>DS4
  ,H /UD5TS -PLETE ! ,FAM\S ,A/RONOM]S
,"W%EET @(,,WS-#7@) & 2COME FAMILI> )
^? :O 3TRIBUT$ 6\R "U/&+ (! ,UNIV]SE
S* Z ,COP]NICUS1 ,BRAHE1 ,KEPL]1
,NEWTON1 & S ON4 ,H EA* /UD5T (OR PAIR
( /UD5TS) SELECT AN A/RONOM] 6FUR!R
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  .,VISUAL .,ADAPT,N3 ,\R ,SOL> ,SY/EM
9CLUDES A VA/ VOLUME ( SPACE T     #AG
/RET*ES \ 9 ALL DIREC;NS F !      A#AC
,SUN4 ,! G5]AL 3CEPT ( 8SPACE0 MAY 2
DI6ICULT 6"U/& 0! TACTILE R1D]4 ,":
DOES SPACE 2G98 ,H[ F> DOES X EXT5D8
,DOES X 2G9 & 5D ABRUPTLY8 ,^! >E ALL
*ALL5G+ "QS 6ANSW]4 ,USE ! FOLL[+
SEQU;E TO 8ZOOM \0 F ! SPACE ! /UD5T
P]SON,Y O3UPIES 6! SPACE O3UPI$ 0\R
,SOL> ,SY/EM4 ,SUPPLE;T EA* /EP )A
TACTILE DIAGRAM1 MAP1 & GLOBE1 US+ !
PROVID$ ,\R ,SOL> ,SY/EM ,4PLAY Z !
LA/ MODEL4 ,4CUSS APPROXIMATELY H[ M*
SPACE EA* /EP (I4E41 ROOM1 BUILD+1
NEI<BORHOOD1 ETC4) O3UPIES8

#1) .,P]SONAL SPACE (SPACE 9 : Y >E
  /&+)
#2) .,ROOM 9 : Y >E /&+
#3) .,BUILD+ 9 : ! ROOM IS LOCAT$
-----------------------------------#AD
#4) .,NEI<BORHOOD 9 : ! BUILD+ IS
  LOCAT$
#5) .,C;Y 9 : ! NEI<BORHOOD IS LOCAT$
#6) .,C.TY 9 : ! C;Y IS LOCAT$
#7) .,/ATE 9 : ! C.TY IS LOCAT$
#8) .,C.TRY 9 : ! /ATE IS         A#AD
  LOCAT$
#9) .,3T95T 9 : ! C.TRY IS LOCAT$
#10) .,PLANET 9 : ! 3T95T IS LOCAT$
#11) .,SOL> .,SY/EM 9 : ! PLANET IS
  LOCAT$ ,EMPHASIZE T \R ,SOL> ,SY/EM
  IS "P (! 5TIRE ,UNIV]SE4 ,! ,UNIV]SE
  9CLUDES ALL GALAXIES & 3T5TS (
  SPACE4

  ,USE ,\R ,SOL> ,SY/EM ,4PLAY 6ASSESS
/UD5TS' "U/&+ ( EA* PLANET'S POSI;N 9
\R ,SOL> ,SY/EM1 Z WELL Z ! LOC,N (!
,SUN & ,A/]OID ,BELT4 ,4CUSS ! 89N]0 &
8\T]0 REGIONS ( \R COSMIC NEI<BORHOOD4
,PO9T \ H[ ! ,A/]OID ,BELT S]VES Z A
B.D>Y L9E 2T ! TWO REGIONS4
  ,USE ! ,RELATIVE ,SIZES (! ,PLANETS
,OV]LAY & ,RELATIVE ,4T.ES (! ,PLANETS
,4PLAY 6ILLU/RATE H[ ! PLANETS V>Y 9
DIAMET]1 Z WELL Z 9 4T.E F ! ,SUN4
  ,USE ! ,PLANET>Y ,ORBITS ,OV]LAY
6RE9=CE 3CEPTS S* Z .ELLIPSE1
.REVOLU;N1 & .ORBIT4
                                   #AI
   ,DEMON/RATE ! DI6];E 2T !       #AE
T]MS .ROT,N (AB A PLANET'S AXIS) &
.REVOLU;N (PLANET'S ORBIT >.D ! ,SUN)
US+ TWO ,/YROFOAM^T BALLS1 "O L>G] ?AN
! O!R4 ,2G9 09S]T+ TOO?PICKS
96OPPOSITE 5DS (! SMALL] BALL1 L1V+ AT
L1/ #1_/2-9* ( EA* TOO?PICK EXPOS$4
,CR1TE AN EQUATOR >.D ! C5T] (! BALL )
GRAPHIC >T TAPE1 L1V+ A SLI<T GAP 2T !
2G9N+ & 5D (! /RIP4 ,? GAP W HELP !
/UD5T VISU,Y & TACTU,Y NOTICE :5 !
8PLANET0 HAS -PLET$ A S+LE ROT,N4 ,H !
/UD5T ROTATE ! 8PLANET0 ON XS AXIS4
,!N POSI;N ! L>G] BALL (THE 8,SUN0) ON
A TA#4 ,REVOLVE ! 8PLANET0 >.D !
8,SUN0 9 A C.T]CLOCKWISE MO;N4
,EMPHASIZE T "O ROT,N (! PLANET ON XS
AXIS IS EQUAL 6! L5G? ( XS 8"D10 & "O
REVOLU;N (! PLANET >.D ! ,SUN IS EQUAL
6! L5G? ( XS 8YE>40
  .,SCI;E .,TIDBIT3 ,PLUTO 0
RECLASSIFI$ Z A DW>F PLANET 9 #2006_4
,UNTIL !N X 0 3SID]$ ! SMALLE/ PLANET
9 ! ,SOL> ,SY/EM4
  ,SPACECRAFT H VISIT$ OR ORBIT$ E
PLANET 9 ! ,SOL> ,SY/EM4          A#AE
  ,VISIT ! FOLL[+ ,WEBSITES = M 9=M,N
AB ! ,SOL> ,SY/EM3

,,NASA3 ,SOL> ,SY/EM ,EXPLOR,N
  _+HTTP://SOLARSYSTEM.NASA.GOV/_&
  PLANETS/INDEX.CFM_:
-----------------------------------#AF
,,NASA3 ,JET ,PROPUL.N ,LABORATORY3
  ,CALI=NIA ,9/ITUTE ( ,TE*NOLOGY3
  ,SOL> ,SY/EM _+HTTP://WWW.JPL._&
  NASA.GOV/SOLAR-SYSTEM/INDEX.CFM_:
,VIEWS (! ,SOL> ,SY/EM _+HTTP://WWW._&
  SOLARVIEWS.COM/ENG/HOMEPAGE.HTM_:
,N,NAL ,AIR & ,SPACE ,MUSEUM3 ,EXPLOR+
  ! ,PLANETS3 ,\R ,SOL> ,SY/EM
  _+HTTP://WWW.NASM.SI.EDU/RESEARCH/_&
  CEPS/ETP/SS/_:
,N,NAL ,GEOGRAPHIC3 ,SCI;E & ,SPACE3
  ,SOL> ,SY/EM _+HTTP://SCIENCE._&
  NATIONALGEOGRAPHIC.COM/SCIENCE/_&
  SPACE/SOLAR-SYSTEM_:


                                   #BA
             ,ACTIV;Y #2           #AG
        ,,SLICES ,,( ,,! ,,SUN

  .,OBJECTIVE3 ,LE>N AB ! 9T]E/+
F1TURES & "*I/ICS (! ,SUN & CR1TE A
MODEL (! ,SUN'S LAY]S4
  .,VOCABUL>Y3 ,AURORA1 *ROMOSPH]E1
3VECTIVE (OR 3VEC;N) Z"O1 CORE1
CORONA1 PHOTOSPH]E1 PROM9;E1 RADIATIVE
(OR RADI,N) Z"O1 SOL> ECLIPSE1 SOL>
FL>E1 SUNSPOT
  .,MAT]IALS3 ,S5SE ( ,SCI;E3
,A/RONOMY MAT]IALS3

,CROSS-,SEC;N (! ,SUN ,OV]LAY
,QK ,FACT ,C>D3 ,,SUN

  .,MAT]IALS = BUILD+ A MODEL (! ,SUN
= CLASSROOM 4PLAY3

(1) #5'' ,/YROFOAM^T BALL
,ACRYLIC PA9T (YELL[)
,PR9T AND_/OR BRL LABEL ( 8,SUN0 A6IX$
  6A TOO?PICK

  ,OP;NAL ,MAT]IALS3               #AH

(1) PAP] PLATE = EA* /UD5T
,SMALL COLLEC;N ( CRAFT MAT]IALS
  AND_/OR FOOD 6REPRES5T EA* LAY] (!
  ,SUN
,LABEL+ MAT]IAL (6MAKE BRL & PR9T
  LABELS)
(1) ORANGE
,,APH,''S ,PICTURE ,MAK] AND_/OR
  ,DRAFTSMAN
,REF];E S\RCES (BOOKS & ,WEBSITES) AB
  ! ,SUN

  .,PROC$URE3 ,REVIEW UNIQUE F1TURES
(! ,SUN )! CLASS4 ,ASK /UD5TS 6%>E :AT
!Y MI<T ALR "K AB ! ,SUN4
  ,"S F1TURES & "*I/ICS (! ,SUN
9CLUDE3

,X IS ! C5T] ( \R ,SOL> ,SY/EM4
,X IS ! L>GE/ OBJECT 9 \R ,SOL>
  ,SY/EM4
,X IS ! CLOSE/ /> 6,E>?4
                                   #BC
,X IS -POS$ ( MO/LY HYDROG5 &     A#AH
  HELIUM4
,X IS N A SOLID SPH]E L ! PLANET ,E>?4
,X IS AB #4.5 BILLION YE>S OLD4
,X IS #93 MILLION MILES (150 MILLION
  KILOMET]S) MILES AWAY F ! ,E>?4

  ,4CUSS H[ ! ,SUN B5EFITS ! ,E>?4
@(,THE ,SUN IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT
6LIV+ ORGANISMS4 ,X IS ! S\RCE (!
,E>?'S LI<T & H1T4 ,)\T
-----------------------------------#AI
X1 "! WD 2 NO LIFE ON ,E>?4@) ,:AT >E
"S (! DANG]S OR NEGATIVE E6ECTS (!
,SUN8 @(,THE ,SUN EMITS POT5TI,Y H>M;L
ULTRAVIOLET RADI,N T C DAMAGE A
P]SON'S EYES OR SK94@)
  ,REVIEW ! DI6]5T LAY]S (! ,SUN &!
NOTA# F1TURES ( EA*4

.,CORE--,! ,SUN'S CORE IS ! 9N]MO/
  LAY] &! S\RCE ( MO/ (! ,SUN'S 5]GY4
  ,XS TEMP]ATURES >E TREM5D\SLY HI<--
  AB #27 MILLION DEGREES ,FAHR5HEIT
  (15 MILLION DEGREES ,CELSIUS)_4
..,RADIATIVE 7OR ,RADI,N7 .,Z"O   A#AI
  --,? LAY] (! ,SUN IS NEXT 6! CORE &
  EMITS RADI,N4 ,5]GY B\NCES BACK-&-=?
  9 ? LAY] 9 WAVES 2F X ESCAPES 6!
  3VEC;N Z"O4 ,? LAY]'S TEMP]ATURE IS
  COOL] ?AN T (! CORE4
..,3VECTIVE 7OR ,3VEC;N7 .,Z"O--,? IS
  ! \T]MO/ LAY] (! SOL> 9T]IOR & IS
  "*IZ$ 0A *URN+ MO;N CR1T$ :5 HOT
  GASES RISE & !N FALL Z !Y COOL4 ,X
  HAS L[] TEMP]ATURES ?AN ! CORE &
  RADIATIVE Z"O4
.,PHOTOSPH]E--,? IS ! 9N]MO/ LAY] (!
  ,SUN'S ATMOSPH]E ) TEMP]ATURES AB
  #10,000 DEGREES ,FAHR5HEIT (5,500
  DEGREES ,CELSIUS)_4 ,VISI# F ,E>?1 X
  IS 3SID]$ ! 8SURFACE0 (! ,SUN &
  MAKES ! ,SUN APPE> Z A SOLID SPH]E4
-----------------------------------#BJ
.,*ROMOSPH]E--,? IS A ?9 LAY] (!
  ,SUN'S ATMOSPH]E T IS "*IZ$ 0RIS+
  TEMP]ATURES RANG+ F AB #11,000
  DEGREES ,FAHR5HEIT (6,000 DEGREES
  ,CELSIUS) TO #36,000 DEGREES
  ,FAHR5HEIT (20,000 DEGREES       #BE
  ,CELSIUS)_4 ,X GIVES (F A       A#BJ
  R$DI% GL[4
.,CORONA--,? IS ! \T]MO/ LAY] (!
  ,SUN'S ATMOSPH]E & IS ONLY VISI#
  DUR+ A TOTAL SOL> ECLIPSE4 ,X IS
  MADE UP ( EXTREMELY ?9 GASES4 ,!
  AV]AGE TEMP]ATURE (! CORONA IS #1.8
  MILLION DEGREES ,FAHR5HEIT ("O
  MILLION DEGREES ,CELSIUS)_4 ,ONLY !
  ,SUN'S CORE IS HOTT] ?AN ! CORONA4
      .,CAU;N3 ,9=M /UD5TS T P %D N"E
    LOOK DIRECTLY AT ! ,SUN2 6D S C
    CAUSE SEV]E EYE DAMAGE AND_/OR
    VISUAL IMPAIR;T4

  ,MAKE A MODEL (! ,SUN US+ A #5-9*
,/YROFOAM^T BALL4 ,PA9T X )A B"R YELL[
ACRYLIC PA9T4 ,A6IX A PR9T AND_/OR BRL
LABEL ( 8,SUN0 6A TOO?PICK & 9S]T X
96! MODEL4 ,MAKE AT L1/ "O MODEL (!
,SUN T C 2 US$ 6EV5TU,Y BUILD AN 5TIRE
,SOL> ,SY/EM =A CLASSROOM 4PLAY4 ,IF 5
MAT]IALS >E AVAILA#1 EA* /UD5T (OR
PAIRS ( /UD5TS) C BUILD A MODEL (!
,SUN4
      ,'@(,A 3/RUCT$ MODEL (!     B#BJ
    ,SUN IS %[N 9 PR9T GUIDEBOOK4@),'
-----------------------------------#BA
  ,CR1TE A MODEL (! ,SUN'S LAY]S4 ,"H
>E "S OP;NS3

#1) ,US+ A PAP] PLATE1 H EA* /UD5T (OR
  PAIRS ( /UD5TS) CR1TE A MODEL (!
  ,SUN'S LAY]S4 ,PROVIDE A V>IETY (
  TEXTUR$ MAT]IALS T C 2 GLU$ ONTO !
  PLATE 9 R+S 6%[ ! LAY]S (! ,SUN4 ,=
  EXAMPLE1 AN ORANGE POMPOM C REPRES5T
  ! CORE1 A R+ ( R$ CRAFT FOAM DOTS C
  REPRES5T ! *ROMOSPH]E1 YELL[
  RICK-RACK C REPRES5T ! CORONA1 & S
  ON4 ,H /UD5TS LABEL ! V>I\S LAY]S4
#2) ,H /UD5TS REPRES5T ! V>I\S LAY]S
    (! ,SUN L S3
  ;A) ,H A S+LE /UD5T REPRES5T ! .CORE
    (! ,SUN4 ,WRAP A BLANKET >.D 8
    %\LD]S 69DICATE T X IS V W>M 9 !
    C5T] (! ,SUN4


                                   #BG
  ;B) ,H ?REE OR F\R /UD5TS =M A   #BB
    R+ >.D ! CORE 6REPRES5T ! .RADI,N
    .Z"O4 ,LET !M HOLD H&S & MOVE _!
    >MS SL[LY UP & D[N 6REPRES5T !
    WAVE-L MO;N (! GASES 9 ? LAY]4
  ;C) ,H A L>G] GR\P ( /UD5TS =M A R+
    >.D ! RADI,N Z"O 6=M ! .3VEC;N
    .Z"O4 ,/UD5TS 9 ? R+ SL[LY TRADE
    PLACES )! P]SON NEXT 6!M 6REPRES5T
    ! *URN+ MO;N ( ? LAY]4
  ;D) ,! NEXT R+ ( /UD5TS W =M !
    .PHOTOSPH]E 0/&+ %\LD] 6%\LD]
    6CR1TE ! APP>5T SOLID RIM (! ,SUN
    Z SE5 F ,E>?4
  ;E) ,! NEXT R+ ( /UD5TS W =M !
    .*ROMOSPH]E4 ,H EA* /UD5T 9 ? R+
    HOLD A RI2ON T HE C FL>E O3A.N,Y
    (PA/ ! CORONA LAY]) 6REPRES5T
    PROM9;ES T RISE UP "? ! *ROMOSPH]E
    F ! PHOTOSPH]E4
  ;F) ,! \T] GR\P ( /UD5TS W REPRES5T
    ! .CORONA1 L1V+ "S SPACE 2T EA*
    O!R 6ALL[ = O3A.NAL PROM9;ES4


,NOTE3 ,IF N 5 /UD5TS >E          A#BB
  AVAILA# 6BUILD ALL SIX LAY]S (!
  ,SUN1 BUILD ONLY ! ?REE 9N]MO/
  LAY]S1 !N LAT] BUILD ! ?REE \T]MO/
  LAY]S4
-----------------------------------#BC

  .,EXT5.N .,ACTIVITIES3 ,H /UD5TS
RESE>* ! FOLL[+ SOL> PH5OM5A & EXPLA9
! DI6];ES 2T EA*4

    ,SUNSPOTS
D>K]1 COOL] >1S T APPE> ON ! ,SUN'S
  PHOTOSPH]E
N P]MAN5T
NUMB] ( SUNSPOTS V>Y F YE> 6YE> 9 A
  CYCLIC PATT]N1 R1*+ A MAXIMUM E #11
  YE>S
USU,Y =M 9 PAIRS
H /R;G MAGNETIC FIELDS

    ,SOL> ,FL>ES
SU45 BUR/S ( HOT GASES T ERUPT F !
  ,SUN'S PHOTOSPH]E
GIVE (F L>GE AM.TS ( RADI,N        #BI
A6ECT ,E>?'S ATMOSPH]E CAUS+      A#BC
  LI<T PH5OM5A S* Z AURORAS
C 9T]F]E ) RADIO TRANSMIS.NS1
  TELEPH"OS1 & O!R ELECTRONIC
  -MUNIC,NS ON ,E>?

    ,PROM9;ES
GIGANTIC LOOPS ( GASES T >ISE F !
  ,SUN'S SURFACE
RISE UP "? ! *ROMOSPH]E F !
  PHOTOSPH]E1 EXT5D 96! CORONA1 & !N
  FL[ BACK 96! ,SUN
-----------------------------------#BD
HELD ABV ! ,SUN'S SURFACE 0/R;G
  MAGNETIC FIELDS
C LOOP HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( MILES 96SPACE

  .,MA? .,3NEC;N3 ,H /UD5TS RESE>* !
ANSW]S 6! FOLL[+3

,:AT IS ! DIAMET] (! ,SUN8
,H[ DOES XS SIZE -P>E 6,E>?'S8
,H[ L;G IS XS ROT,N P]IOD8
,IS XS ROT,N P]IOD L;G] AT XS EQUATOR
  OR XS POLES8
                                  A#BD
  ,US+ 9=M,N 4CUSS$ & RESE>*$ DUR+ ?
ACTIV;Y1 Z WELL Z 9=M,N GIV5 ON !
A3OMPANY+ ,QK ,FACT ,C>D AB ! ,SUN1 H
EA* /UD5T CR1TE A MA? QUIZ AB ! ,SUN &
!N %>E X ) CLASSMATES 6SOLVE4
  .,LANGUAGE .,3NEC;N3 ,EXPLA9 T 9
,GREEK & ,ROMAN MY?OLOGY1 ! ,SUN 0
P]SONIFI$ Z 8,HELIOS0 & 8,SOL10
RESPECTIVELY4 ,H /UD5TS WRITE A /ORY T
P]SONIFIES ! ,SUN & H X SP1K DIRECTLY
6! PLANETS >.D X1 HI<LI<T+ IMPORTANT
FACTS AB XS SIZE1 POSI;N1 LAY]S1 ETC4
  ,H SMALL GR\PS RESE>* & PREP>E A
WRITT5 REPORT (! POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE
E6ECTS (! ,SUN ON P &! ,E>?4 ,H EA*
GR\P REPORT XS F9D+S 6! 5TIRE CLASS4
-----------------------------------#BE
  .,VISUAL .,ADAPT,N3 ,USE !
,CROSS-,SEC;N (! ,SUN ,OV]LAY 6REVIEW
! V>I\S LAY]S (! ,SUN4 ,EMPHASIZE />T+
AT ! C5T] (THE CORE) & MOV+ \TW>D (6!
CORONA)_4 ,PO9T \ ! SOL> PROM9;E T
EXT5DS F ! L[] LEFT SIDE (! ,SUN4
  ,REVIEW T ! ,SUN IS A GIANT      #CA
BALL ( GAS4 ,X DOES N H A SOLID   A#BE
SURFACE OR A SMOO? CIRCUMF];E4 ,US+ A
TACTILE DRAW+ BO>D (E4G41 ,DRAFTSMAN
OR ,PICTURE ,MAK]), ILLU/RATE H[ !
,SUN IS -MONLY DRAWN1 T IS1 A -PLETE
CIRCLE SURR.D$ 0/RAI<T L9ES REPRES5T+
! ,SUN'S RAYS4 ,H[ IS ? MODEL (! ,SUN
MISL1D+ ) REG>D 6XS TRUE /RUCTURE8
  ,6DEMON/RATE ! M1N+ (! T]M
8CROSS-SEC;N10 CUT AN ORANGE 9 HALF &
EXPLA9 T ! C5T] (! ORANGE HALF IS L !
CORE ( ,SUN &! \T] R9D IS L ! ,SUN'S
CORONA4 ,DISCUSS_/REVIEW DI6];ES 2T !
ORANGE MODEL &! R1L ,SUN (FOR EXAMPLE1
! ORANGE HAS SOLID F1TURES &! ,SUN
DOES NOT)_4
  ,USE R1L OBJECTS 6DEMON/RATE !
RELATIVE SIZES (! ,SUN (E4G41 A
BASKETBALL) & ,E>? (A BRL DOT)_4
  .,SCI;E .,TIDBIT3 ,SOL> FL>ES C
CAUSE ATMOSPH]IC 8SUNQUAKES0 T PRODUCE
RIPPLES OR WAVES ACR ! ,SUN'S SURFACE4
-----------------------------------#BF
  ,LAUN*$ 9 #1992, ! ,SOL> &
,HELIOSPH]IC ,OBS]VATORY (,,SOHO) IS A
MIS.N %>$ 0,,NASA &! ,EUROP1N     A#BF
,SPACE ,AG5CY 6/UDY ! ,SUN4 ,= M
9=M,N1 VISIT ! ,,SOHO ,WEBSITE3
_+HTTP://SOHOWWW.NASCOM.NASA.GOV/_&
ABOUT/ABOUT.HTML_:
  ,VISIT ! FOLL[+ ,WEBSITES = M 9=M,N
AB ! ,SUN3

,N,NAL ,GEOGRAPHIC3 ,SCI;E & ,SPACE3
  ,SUN
  _+HTTP://SCIENCE._&
  NATIONALGEOGRAPHIC.COM/SCIENCE/_&
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  HTML_:
,,NASA3 ,SOL> ,PHYSICS3 ,M>%ALL ,SPACE
  ,FLI<T ,C5T]3 ,:Y ,WE ,/UDY ! ,SUN
  _+HTTP://SOLARSCIENCE.MSFC.NASA._&
  GOV/WHYSOLAR.SHTML_:
,SPACE ,W1!R ,C5T]3 ,LIV+ )A ,/>
  _+HTTP://WWW.SPACEWEATHERCENTER._&
  ORG/LIVING__WITH__A__STAR/01/01._&
  HTML_:


                                   #CC
             ,ACTIV;Y #3           #BG
       ,,M]CURY--,SUN'S ,CLOSE/
               ,NEI<BOR

  .,OBJECTIVE3 ,LE>N AB ! 9T]E/+
F1TURES & "*I/ICS (! PLANET ,M]CURY &
BUILD A MODEL (! PLANET4
  .,VOCABUL>Y3 ,CALORIS ,BAS91 CORE1
CRAT]1 CRU/1 MANTLE1 ,M]CURY1
T]RE/RIAL PLANET
  .,MAT]IALS3 ,S5SE ( ,SCI;E3
,A/RONOMY MAT]IALS3

..,QK ,FACT ,C>D3 .,,M]CURY
..,RELATIVE ,SIZES (! ,PLANETS
  .,OV]LAY
.,PLANET>Y .,ORBITS .,OV]LAY
..,\R ,SOL> ,SY/EM .,4PLAY
..,RELATIVE ,4T.ES (! ,PLANETS .,4PLAY
..,PLANET ,FACT ,"W%EET ,7.,,WS-#A7'

  .,MAT]IALS = BUILD+ PLANET MODEL3

(1) #1-1_/4'' ,/YROFOAM^T BALL
,P5CIL ) ERAS] 5D
,ACRYLIC PA9T (ORANGE) &           #BH
  PA9TBRU%
,PR9T AND_/OR BRL LABEL ( 8,M]CURY0
  A6IX$ 6A TOO?PICK

  .,O!R MAT]IALS (FOR ,EXT5.N
,ACTIVITIES)_3
,PAP] PLATE (FOR EA* /UD5T) & AVAILA#
  CRAFT MAT]IALS (E4G41 CRAFT FOAM1
  Y>N1 TEXTUR$ PAP]) 6REPRES5T ! LAY]S
  ( ,M]CURY

  .,PROC$URE3 ,REVIEW UNIQUE F1TURES (
,M]CURY )! CLASS4 ,ASK /UD5TS 6%>E :AT
!Y MI<T ALR "K AB ? PLANET4
  ,"S F1TURES & "*I/ICS ( ,M]CURY
9CLUDE3

,CLOSE/ PLANET 6! ,SUN4
,"O (! F\R T]RE/RIAL PLANETS4
,HAS A H1VILY CRAT]$ & WR9KL$ SURFACE
  ) HI< CLI6S4
,SMALLE/ PLANET 9 ! ,SOL> ,SY/EM4
,HAS A V ?91 ALM NON-EXI/5T ATMOSPH]E4
,HAS A V W1K MAGNETIC FIELD4       #CE
,EXP]I;ES AN EXTREME RANGE (      A#BH
  TEMP]ATURES F NI<T 6"D4
,ROTATES SL[LY ON XS AXIS1 B ORBITS
  RAPIDLY >.D ! ,SUN4
,ORBITS ! ,SUN FA/] ?AN ANY O!R
  PLANET4
,HAS NO MOONS4
,XS L>GE/ F1TURE IS A CRAT] CALL$ !
  ,CALORIS ,BAS9 T M1SURES #800 MILES
  (1,300 KILOMET]S) 9 DIAMET]4
-----------------------------------#BI

  ,4CUSS R1SONS = ,M]CURY'S CRAT]$
SURFACE4 @(,_M MILLIONS ( YE>S AGO1
,M]CURY 0 HIT 0L>GE ROCKY BODIES1 S* Z
A/]OIDS4@)
  ,4CUSS R1SONS = ,M]CURY'S WR9KL$
SURFACE4 @(,AS ,M]CURY'S L>GE IRON
CORE COOL$1 X 3TRACT$ CAUS+ XS SURFACE
6WR9KLE4@)
  ,MAKE A MODEL (! PLANET ,M]CURY4
,US+ ! ERAS] 5D (A P5CIL1 PUN* A L>GE
8CRAT]0 96A #1-1_/4'' ,/YROFOAM^T BALL
6REPRES5T ! ,CALORIS ,BAS94 ,!N PA9T !
BALL ) ORANGE ACRYLIC PA9T4 ,A6IX A
PR9T AND_/OR BRL LABEL (          A#BI
8,M]CURY0 6A TOO?PICK & 9S]T X 96!
MODEL4 ,MAKE AT L1/ "O MODEL ( ,M]CURY
T C 2 US$ 6EV5TU,Y BUILD AN 5TIRE
,SOL> ,SY/EM =A CLASSROOM 4PLAY4 ,IF 5
MAT]IALS >E AVAILA#1 EA* /UD5T (OR
PAIRS ( /UD5TS) C BUILD A MODEL (
,M]CURY4
      ,'@(,A 3/RUCT$ MODEL ( ,M]CURY
    IS %[N 9 ! PR9T GUIDEBOOK4@),'
  .,EXT5.N .,ACTIVITIES3 ,H EA* /UD5T
MAKE A PAP] PLATE MODEL (A CROSS-SEC;N
( ,M]CURY'S LAY]S4 ,/>T 0GLU+ OR
COLOR+ A L>GE CIRCLE (OF A 3TRA/+
-----------------------------------#CJ
COLOR_/TEXTURE) T COV]S AB ?REE-F\R?S
(! PLATE'S C5T] 6REPRES5T ,M]CURY'S
L>GE METALLIC CORE (MADE ( NICKEL &
IRON)_4 ,ADD ANO!R R+1 ( ANO!R
COLOR_/TEXTURE1 >.D ! CORE 6REPRES5T !
9T]M$IATE ROCK LAY] OR MANTLE4 ,!
REMA9+ RIPPL$ POR;N (! PLATE C
REPRES5T ! BRITTLE1 CRU/Y SURFACE (!
PLANET4 ,LABEL ! DI6]5T LAY]S4
                                   #CG
  ,-P>E & 3TRA/ ! F1TURES (       A#CJ
,M]CURY & ,E>?'S ,MOON4 ,= EXAMPLE3

    .,SIMIL>ITIES3
,BO? H CRAT]$ & OLD SURFACES4
,BO? G "? VISUAL *ANGES (OR PHASES) 9
  %APE & SIZE F ,E>?'S P]SPECTIVE4
,BO? REFLECT AB ! SAME P]C5TAGE ( RCVD
  SUNLI<T4

    .,DI6];ES3
,M]CURY IS A PLANET 9 ! ,SOL> ,SY/EM4
,! ,MOON ORBITS ! PLANET ,E>?4
,M]CURY ORBITS ! ,SUN4
,M]CURY IS M* D5S] ?AN ! ,MOON4

  ,REVIEW H[ CRAT]S >E =M$ ON
,M]CURY'S SURFACE & :Y ! CRAT]S V>Y 9
SIZE & DEP?4
-----------------------------------#CA
  .,MA? .,3NEC;N3 ,CALCULATE YR WEI<T
ON ! PLANET ,M]CURY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF Y
WEI< #100 P.DS ON ,E>?1 Y WD WEI< AB
#38 P.DS ON ,M]CURY4 ,A HELP;L
,WEBSITE = ^! CALCUL,NS IS
_+HTTP://WWW.EXPLORATORIUM._&     A#CA
EDU/RONH/WEIGHT/INDEX.HTML_:
  ,H /UD5TS CR1TE MA? PRO#MS T -P>E
,M]CURY 6,E>? OR 6O!R PLANETS4 ,=
EXAMPLE3

,H[ M* L>G] IS ,E>?'S DIAMET] ?AN    
    ,M]CURY'S8
  #7,926 MILES (12,756 KILOMET]S)   
    -#3,032 MILES (4,880 KILOMET]S)
    .K =
,H[ DOES ,E>?'S AV]AGE 4T.E F ! ,SUN
    -P>E 6,M]CURY'S8
  #93 MILLION MILES
    (150 MILLION KILOMET]S)
    -36 MILLION MILES
    (58 MILLION KILOMET]S)
    .K =
,IF Y LIV$ ON ,M]CURY = #9 ( XS YE>S1
    H[ _M ,E>? YE>S WD Y H SP5T8
  #1 ,M]CURIAN YE> .K #88 ,E>? "DS
  #1 ,E>? YE> .K #365 ,E>? "DS
      .,ANSW]3 #2.17 ,E>? YE>S

                                   #CI
  ,MAKE AN #8-9* C>DBO>D CIRCLE    #CB
6REPRES5T ! DIAMET] ( ,E>?4 ,MAKE
S"EAL A4I;NAL #3-9* CIRCLES 6REPRES5T
! DIAMET] ( ,M]CURY4 ,H[ _M ,M]CURY
PLANETS W FIT ACR ,E>?'S DIAMET]8
  ,RESE>* ! HI< & L[ TEMP]ATURE
EXTREMES ( ,M]CURY3
      ,"D"T TEMP]ATURES3 #806^.* ;,F
        (430^.* ;,C)
      ,NI<T"T TEMP]ATURES3
        -#274^.* ;,F (-#170^.* ;,C)
  .,LANGUAGE .,3NEC;N3 ,H ! /UD5TS
CR1TE A LI/ ( NICK"NS 6HELP !M REMEMB]
! F1TURES ( ,M]CURY3 8,SCOR*$ ,_W10
8,AIR.S ,PLANET10 8,METAL ,PLANET10
8,HOT_/,COLD ,EXTREME ,PLANET10 ETC4
  ,4CUSS ! ORIG9S (! PLANET'S "N4
,M]CURY 0 "ND AF ! W+$ ,ROMAN GOD (
TRAVEL1 -M]CE1 & ?IEV]Y 2C X APPE>S
6MOVE S SWIFTLY ACR ! SKY4
  ,H /UD5TS CR1TE _! [N FACT C>DS OR
FACT BOOKS AB ,M]CURY4
  ,_M ( ,M]CURY'S CRAT]S >E "ND =
DEC1S$ MUSICIANS1 >TI/S1 & WRIT]S4 ,H
/UD5TS RESE>* & MAKE A LI/ ( ^!
9DIVIDUALS4 ,EXAMPLES 9CLUDE      A#CB
,BEE?OV51 ,M>K ,TWA91 ,R5OIR1 ,GOYA1
,BOTTICELLI1 & ,HOM]4
-----------------------------------#CC
  ,ASK EA* /UD5T 6-PLETE A ,PLANET
,FACT ,"W%EET = ,M]CURY4
  .,VISUAL .,ADAPT,N3 ,REVIEW
,M]CURY'S RELATIVE 4T.E F ! ,SUN US+ !
,RELATIVE ,4T.ES (! ,PLANETS ,4PLAY4
  ,REVIEW ,M]CURY'S RELATIVE SIZE -P>$
6O!R PLANETS US+ ! ,RELATIVE ,SIZES (!
,PLANETS ,OV]LAY4
  ,DRAW A TACTILE IMAGE ( ,M]CURY'S
SYMBOL US+ ,WIKKI,/IX^R1 ,DRAFTSMAN1
OR ,PICTURE ,MAK]4
      ,'@(,PR9T IMAGE ( ,M]CURY'S
    SYMBOL IS %[N 9 ! PR9T GUIDEBOOK3
    ,CIRCLE ) PLUS SIGN ATTA*$ 2L &!
    L[] POR;N (A SEMI-CIRCLE ATTA*$
    ABV4@),'
  ,USE ,\R ,SOL> ,SY/EM ,4PLAY &!
,PLANET>Y ,ORBITS ,OV]LAY 6REVIEW !
ORBITAL PATT]N ( ,M]CURY 9 REL,N%IP 6!
,SUN & O!R PLANETS4
                                   #DA
  .,SCI;E .,TIDBIT3 ,! .,M>9]     A#CC
.#10 SPACECRAFT MAPP$ NE>LY HALF (
,M]CURY'S SURFACE 9 #1974-1975_4 ,9
,JANU>Y #2008, ! .,,MESSENGER
SPACECRAFT MADE ! F/ ( ?REE S*$UL$
FLYBYS2 X W G 96ORBIT >.D ,M]CURY 9
#2011_4
  8,! ,SPID]0 (AL "KN Z ,PAN!ON
,FOSSAE) IS A NEWLY 4COV]$ F1TURE ON
,M]CURY & IS LOCAT$ 9 ! C5T] (!
,CALORIS ,BAS94 ,X IS A L>GE IMPACT
CRAT] ) OV] A HUNDR$ N>R[1 FLAT-FLOOR$
CRACKS RADIAT+ F XS C5TRAL REGION4
-----------------------------------#CD
  ,A FLYBY ( ,,NASA,''S .,,MESSENGER
REV1L$ T PA/ VOLCANIC ACTIV;Y PLAY$ A
C5TRAL ROLE 9 =M+ ,M]CURY'S SURFACE4
,= M 9=M,N AB ! .,,MESSENGER1 VISIT !
FOLL[+ SITES3

,,MESSENGER3 .,,ME,'RCURY .,S,'URFACE
  .,S,'PACE .,,EN,'VIRONMENT1
  .,,GE,'OCHEMISTRY1 & .,R,'ANG+
  _+HTTP://MESSENGER.JHUAPL.EDU/_:

,,MESSENGER ,EXPLORES ,M]CURY     A#CD
  _+HTTP://WWW.SPACETODAY.ORG/_SOL_&
  _SYS/_MERCURY/_MERCURY_BACKGROUND._&
  HTML_:
-----------------------------------#CE
             ,ACTIV;Y #4
     ,,V5US--,! ,GRE5H\SE ,PLANET

  .,OBJECTIVE3 ,LE>N AB ! 9T]E/+
F1TURES & "*I/ICS (! PLANET ,V5US &
BUILD A MODEL (! PLANET4
  .,VOCABUL>Y3 ,GRE5H\SE E6ECT1 9F]IOR
PLANET1 RETROGRADE ROT,N1 T]RE/RIAL
PLANET1 ,V5US
  .,MAT]IALS3 ,S5SE ( ,SCI;E3
,A/RONOMY MAT]IALS3

,QK ,FACT ,C>D3 ,,V5US
,RELATIVE ,SIZES (! ,PLANETS ,OV]LAY
,PLANET>Y ,ORBITS ,OV]LAY
,\R ,SOL> ,SY/EM ,4PLAY
,RELATIVE ,4T.ES (! ,PLANETS ,4PLAY
,PLANET ,FACT ,"W%EET @(,,WS-#1@)

                                   #DC
  ,MAT]IALS = BUILD+ PLANET        #CF
MODEL3

(1) #1-1_/2'' ,/YROFOAM^T BALL
,ALUM9UM FOIL (ENOUGH 6WRAP >.D !
  ,/YROFOAM^T BALL)
,PR9T AND_/OR BRL LABEL ( 8,V5US0
  A6IX$ 6A TOO?PICK

  .,PROC$URE3 ,REVIEW UNIQUE F1TURES (
,V5US )! CLASS4 ,ASK /UD5TS 6%>E :AT
!Y MI<T ALR "K AB ? PLANET4
  ,"S F1TURES & "*I/ICS ( ,V5US
9CLUDE3

,SECOND PLANET F ! ,SUN4
,"O (! F\R T]RE/RIAL PLANETS4
,TAKES L;G] 6ROTATE ON XS AXIS ?AN X
  DOES 6ORBIT ! ,SUN4
,SP9S ON XS AXIS 9 ! OPPOSITE DIREC;N
  6,E>?4
,B"R] ?AN ANY O!R PLANET4
,MO/ ( XS SURFACE IS -POS$ ( VOLCANOES
  & VOLCANIC ROCK4
,HOTTE/ PLANET 9 ! ,SOL> ,SY/EM4
,HAS NO MOONS4                    A#CF
,HAS A V H1VY ATMOSPH]E -POS$ MO/LY (
  C>BON DIOXIDE4
,HAS ! MO/ NE>LY CIRCUL> ORBIT ( ANY
  O!R PLANET 9 ! ,SOL> ,SY/EM4
,LACKS A MAGNETIC FIELD4
,3SID]$ AN 9F]IOR PLANET1 L ,M]CURY1
  2C XS ORBIT IS CLOS] 6! ,SUN ?AN
  ,E>?'S ORBIT IS4
-----------------------------------#CG

  ,4CUSS :Y ,V5US IS S B"R 9 ! SKY4
@(,THE SULFURIC CL\DS T SURR.D ,V5US
REFLECT ! ,SUN'S LI<T BACK 96SPACE4
,SUNLI<T _C P5ETRATE ! ?ICK
ATMOSPH]E4@)
  ,4CUSS ,V5US'S UNUSUAL ROT,N ON XS
[N AXIS4 @(,V5US HAS A RETROGRADE
ROT,N4 ,AL? X ORBITS ! ,SUN
C.T]CLOCKWISE1 X ROTATES CLOCKWISE ON
XS AXIS1 OPPOSITE ,E>? & MO/ O!R
PLANETS4 ,"!=E1 IF Y 7 /&+ ON ,V5US1 !
,SUN WD RISE 9 ! WE/ & SET 9 ! EA/4@)
  ,MAKE A MODEL (! PLANET ,V5US4 ,WRAP
ALUM9UM FOIL >.D A #1-1_/2''       #DE
,/YROFOAM^T BALL1 P9*+ >1S        A#CG
6CR1TE 8VOLCANOES40 ,A6IX A PR9T
AND_/OR BRL LABEL ( 8,V5US0 6A
TOO?PICK & 9S]T X 96! MODEL4 ,MAKE AT
L1/ "O MODEL ( ,V5US T C 2 US$
6EV5TU,Y BUILD AN 5TIRE ,SOL> ,SY/EM
=A CLASSROOM 4PLAY4 ,IF 5 MAT]IALS >E
AVAILA#1 EA* /UD5T (OR PAIRS ( /UD5TS)
C BUILD A MODEL ( ,V5US4
      ,'@(,3/RUCT$ MODEL ( ,V5US IS
    %[N 9 ! PR9T GUIDEBOOK4@),'
-----------------------------------#CH
  .,EXT5.N .,ACTIVITIES3 ,4CUSS :Y
,V5US IS HOTT] ?AN ,M]CURY DESPITE 2+
F>!R AWAY F ! ,SUN4 ,9CLUDE A 4CUS.N (
8GRE5H\SE E6ECT40 @(,V5US IS HOTT] ?AN
,M]CURY 2C H1T T P5ETRATES XS SULFURIC
CL\DS IS TRAPP$1 MAK+ ! TEMP]ATURE
RISE1 Z 9 A GRE5H\SE4 ,! CL\DS & C>BON
DIOXIDE 9 XS ATMOSPH]E KEEP ! H1T F
ESCAP+ BACK 96SPACE4@)
  ,-P>E & 3TRA/ ! F1TURES ( ,V5US &
,E>?4 ,= EXAMPLE3


    .,SIMIL>ITIES3                A#CH
,SIZE
,GRAV;Y
,MASS
,IRON CORE 9T]IOR

    .,DI6];ES (THAT MAKE ,V5US
    ESPECI,Y 9HOSPITA# 6HUMANS)_3
,V5US LACKS WAT]4
,V5US IS EXTREMELY HOT ) AN AV]AGE
  SURFACE TEMP]ATURE ( #869^.* ;,F
  (465^.* ;,C)_4
,V5US'S ATMOSPH]IC PRESSURE IS #90 "TS
  T ( ,E>?4
,V5US HAS AN ATMOSPH]E ( C>BON DIOXIDE
  T IS N BR1?A# 0HUMANS4
-----------------------------------#CI
,V5US HAS FI]CE W9DS3 ,XS TOP LAY] (
  CL\DS SP9 AT #230 MILES (370
  KILOMET]S) AN H\R2 XS L[] LAY] (
  CL\DS SP9 AT #130 MILES (209
  KILOMET]S) AN H\R4 @(,-P>E ,V5US'S
  W9D SPE$ 6! ,FUJITA ,SCALE US$
  6CLASSIFY TORNADOES4 ,H[ WD ,V5US'S
  W9DS RANK8@)                     #DG
                                  A#CI
  .,MA? .,3NEC;N3 ,CALCULATE YR WEI<T
ON ! PLANET ,V5US4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF Y
WEI< #100 P.DS ON ,E>?1 Y WD WEI< AB
#91 P.DS ON ,V5US4
  ,H /UD5TS CR1TE MA? PRO#MS T -P>E
,V5US 6,E>? OR 6O!R PLANETS4 ,=
EXAMPLE3

,H[ M* L>G] IS ,E>?'S DIAMET] ?AN
    ,V5US'S8
  #7,926 MILES (12,756 KILOMET]S)
    -7,521 MILES (12,104 KILOMET]S)
    .K =
,H[ DOES ,E>?'S AV]AGE 4T.E F ! ,SUN
    -P>E 6,V5US'S8
  #93 MILLION MILES
    (150 MILLION KILOMET]S)
    -67 MILLION MILES
    (108 MILLION KILOMET]S)
    .K =




,IF Y LIV$ ON ,V5US = #10 ( XS     #DJ
    YE>S1 H[ _M ,E>? YE>S WD Y H SP5T8
  #1 ,V5USIAN YE> .K #225 ,E>? "DS
  #1 ,E>? YE> .K #365 ,E>? "DS
      .,ANSW]3 #6.16 ,E>? YE>S

  .,LANGUAGE .,3NEC;N3 ,H ! /UD5TS
CR1TE A LI/ ( NICK"NS 6HELP !M REMEMB]
! F1TURES ( ,V5US3 8,GRE5H\SE
,PLANET10 8,E>?'S ,TW910 8,EV5+ ,/>10
8,MORN+ ,/>10 8,SULFURIC ,CL\D
,PLANET10 ETC4
  ,4CUSS ! ORIG9S (! PLANET'S "N4
@(,V5US IS "ND AF ! ,ROMAN GO4ESS (
LOVE & B1UTY4@)
  ,H /UD5TS CR1TE _! [N FACT C>DS OR
FACT BOOKS AB ,V5US4
  ,ASK EA* /UD5T 6-PLETE A ,PLANET
,FACT ,"W%EET = ,V5US4
  .,VISUAL .,ADAPT,N3 ,REVIEW ,V5US'S
RELATIVE 4T.E F ! ,SUN US+ ! ,RELATIVE
,4T.ES (! ,PLANETS ,4PLAY4
  ,REVIEW ,V5US'S RELATIVE SIZE -P>$
6O!R PLANETS US+ ! ,RELATIVE ,SIZES (!
,PLANETS ,OV]LAY4                  #DI
  ,DRAW A TACTILE IMAGE (          #DA
,V5US'S SYMBOL US+ ,WIKKI,/IX^R1
,DRAFTSMAN1 OR ,PICTURE ,MAK]4
      ,'@(,PR9T IMAGE ( ,V5US'S SYMBOL
    IS %[N 9 ! PR9T GUIDEBOOK3 ,CIRCLE
    ) PLUS SIGN ATTA*$ 2L4@),'
  ,VISIT AN ACTUAL GRE5H\SE4
  ,USE ,\R ,SOL> ,SY/EM ,4PLAY &!
,PLANET>Y ,ORBITS ,OV]LAY 6REVIEW !
ORBITAL PATT]N ( ,V5US 9 REL,N%IP 6!
,SUN & O!R PLANETS4
  .,SCI;E .,TIDBIT3 ,F #1990 TO #1994,
,,NASA,''S SPACECRAFT .,MAGELLAN US$
RAD> 6MAP ,V5US'S SURFACE4
  ,9 #2005, ! ,EUROP1N ,SPACE ,AG5CY
S5T ! .,V5US .,EXPRESS SPACECRAFT
6/UDY ,V5US'S ATMOSPH]E4
  ,SCI5TI/S ?9K T VOLCANOES / ERUPT ON
,V5US4
  8,TRANSIT ( ,V5US0 IS ! R>E EV5T 9 :
,V5US PASSES DIRECTLY 2T ! ,E>? &!
,SUN1 APPE>+ Z A L>GE BLACK DOT
TRAVEL+ ACR ! ,SUN4 ,H /UD5TS RESE>* 9
: YE>S ? EV5T HAS O3URR$ S9CE ! 9V5;N
(! TELESCOPE4 ,A HELP;L ,WEBSITE IS
_+HTTP://ECLIPSE.GSFC.NASA._&     A#DA
GOV/TRANSIT/VENUS0412.HTML_:
-----------------------------------#DB
  ,V5US HAS 8PANCAKE VOLCANOES10 : >E
ERUP;NS ( V ?ICK LAVA4
  ,VISIT ! FOLL[+ ,WEBSITES = M 9=M,N
AB ,V5US3

,N,NAL ,GEOGRAPHIC3 ,SCI;E & ,SPACE3
  ,V5US _+HTTP://SCIENCE._&
  NATIONALGEOGRAPHIC.COM/SCIENCE/_&
  SPACE/SOLAR-SYSTEM/VENUS-ARTICLE._&
  HTML_:
,UNIV]SE ,TD3 ,V5US
  _+HTTP://WWW.UNIVERSETODAY.COM/_&
  CATEGORY/VENUS/_:
-----------------------------------#DC
             ,ACTIV;Y #5
       ,,E>?--,\R ,HOME ,PLANET

  .,OBJECTIVE3 ,LE>N AB ! 9T]E/+
F1TURES & "*I/ICS (! PLANET ,E>?1
BUILD A MODEL (! PLANET1 & "U/& H[ !
,E>?'S TILT CAUSES S1SONAL *ANGES4
                                   #EA
  .,VOCABUL>Y3 ,A/RONOMICAL       A#DC
UNIT1 AUTUMNAL EQUINOX1 AXIS1 CORE1
CRU/1 ,E>?1 EQUATOR1 HEMISPH]E1
MANTLE1 ,MOON1 S1SONS1 SOL/ICE1
T]RE/RIAL PLANET1 V]NAL EQUINOX
  .,MAT]IALS3 ,S5SE ( ,SCI;E3
,A/RONOMY MAT]IALS3

,QK ,FACT ,C>D3 ,,E>?
,RELATIVE ,SIZES (! ,PLANETS ,OV]LAY
,PLANET>Y ,ORBITS ,OV]LAY
,\R ,SOL> ,SY/EM ,4PLAY
,RELATIVE ,4T.ES (! ,PLANETS ,4PLAY
,PLANET ,FACT ,"W%EET @(,,WS-#1@)
,PLANET ,RANK+ 0,4T.E F ! ,SUN ,"W%EET
  @(,,WS-#2@)
-----------------------------------#DD

  ,MAT]IALS = BUILD+ PLANET MODEL3
(1) #1-1_/2'' ,/YROFOAM^T BALL
,ACRYLIC PA9T (BLUE & GRE5)
,PR9T AND_/OR BRL LABEL ( 8,E>?0 A6IX$
  6A TOO?PICK


  ,O!R ,MAT]IALS (FOR ,EXT5.N     A#DD
,ACTIVITIES)_3

,/YROFOAM^T BALL
,P5CIL ) ERAS] 5D
,TACTILE /ICK] OR LABEL
,SMALL B[L OR ORANGE
,S(T FOAM /RESS BALL ) ,E>?'S IMAGE
,GRAPHIC >T TAPE
,HULA HOOP
,_W GLOBE
,ASSORT$ COLLAGE MAT]IALS (OR FOOD
  ITEMS) = /UD5TS 6BUILD A MODEL (
  ,E>?'S LAY]S

  .,PROC$URE3 ,REVIEW UNIQUE F1TURES (
,E>? )! CLASS4 ,ASK /UD5TS 6%>E :AT !Y
MI<T ALR "K AB ? PLANET4
  ,"S F1TURES & "*I/ICS ( ,E>? 9CLUDE3

,?IRD PLANET F ! ,SUN4
,L>GE/ (! F\R T]RE/RIAL PLANETS4


                                   #EC
,ONLY PLANET T SUPPORTS ANIMAL &   #DE
  PLANT LIFE4
,X HAS "O NATURAL SATELLITE--\R ,MOON4
,ORBITS ! ,SUN 9 #365.25 "DS4
,ROTATES ON XS AXIS E #24 H\RS4
,WAT] COV]S #70 P]C5T (! ,E>?'S
  SURFACE4
,HAS 3T95TS T RISE ABV SEA LEVEL4
,XS 3T95TAL PLATES %IFT >.D OV] L;G
  P]IODS ( "T4

  ,MAKE A MODEL (! PLANET ,E>? 0US+ A
#1-1_/2'' ,/YROFOAM^T BALL4 ,PA9T X A
-B9,N ( BLUE (FOR WAT]) & GRE5 (FOR
LAND)_4 ,A6IX A PR9T AND_/OR BRL LABEL
( 8,E>?0 6A TOO?PICK & 9S]T X 96!
MODEL4 ,MAKE AT L1/ "O MODEL ( ,E>? T
C 2 US$ 6EV5TU,Y BUILD AN 5TIRE ,SOL>
,SY/EM =A CLASSROOM 4PLAY4 ,IF 5
MAT]IALS >E AVAILA#1 EA* /UD5T (OR
PAIRS ( /UD5TS) C BUILD A MODEL (
,E>?4
      ,'@(,3/RUCT$ MODEL ( ,E>? IS %[N
    9 ! PR9T GUIDEBOOK4@),'

  .,EXT5.N .,ACTIVITIES3 ,4CUSS   A#DE
:Y S1SONS O3UR ON ,E>?4 @(,AL? ,E>?
ALW TILTS 9 ! SAME DIREC;N ) RESPECT
6!
-----------------------------------#DF
BACKGR.D OR />S Z X ORBITS ! ,SUN1
"S"TS ! ,NOR!RN ,HEMISPH]E1 & "S"TS !
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,:5 X IS SUMM] 9 ! ,NOR!RN ,HEMISPH]E1
X IS W9T] 9 ! ,S\!RN ,HEMISPH]E4@)
,EXPLA9 H[ POL> Z"OS EXP]I;E ! GRTE/
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EXP]I;E BALMY TEMP]ATURES YE> R.D4
      ,'@(,THE PR9T GUIDEBOOK %[S AN
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    8,SUMM]20 ! L[]-"R QUADRANT IS
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    QUADRANT IS LABEL$ 8,AUTUMN20 &!
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    8,W9T]40 ,AN IMAGE ( ,E>? IS %[N
    ROTAT+ C.T]CLOCKWISE >.D ! ,SUN4
    ,LABELS POSI;N$                #EE
    C.T]CLOCKWISE >.D ! \TSIDE    A#DF
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    ,SOL/ICE (,F/ "D ( W9T] 9 ,NOR!RN
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    ,NOR!RN ,HEMISPH]E)_4@),'
-----------------------------------#DG
  ,! S1SONS >E M>K$ BY .SOL/ICES &
.EQUINOXES4 ,SOL/ICES M>K ! PO9TS AT :
! POLES >E TILT$ AT ! MAXIMUM T[>D OR
AWAY F ! ,SUN4 ,H /UD5TS RESE>* :5
SOL/ICES O3UR4
  ,DUR+ ! .V]NAL .EQUINOX (2G9N+ (
SPR+) & .AUTUMNAL .EQUINOX (2G9N+ (
FALL), ! ,SUN APPE>S 6BE DIRECTLY OV]
! EQUATOR1 &! L5G?S ( "D &! NI<T >E
EQUAL EXCEPT AT ! POLES ": ! ,SUN
CIRCLES >.D ! HORIZON4 ,H /UD5TS
RESE>* :5 EQUINOXES O3UR4
  ,:AT >E "S NOTA# SIGNS (! S1SONS
*ANG+8 @(,FL[]S BLOOM+1 L1VES *ANG+
COLOR1 TYPES ( CLO?+ WORN1 TYPES (
FOOD EAT51 BIRDS MIGRAT+1         A#DG
PRECIPIT,N *ANGES1 ETC4@)_4
  ,DEMON/RATE ! ORBITAL PA? (! ,E>?
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HULA HOOP 6REPRES5T ,E>?'S ORBITAL
PA?4 ,DIVIDE ! 9SIDE >EA (! HULA HOOP
96F\R QUADRANTS & LABEL !M SUMM] (UPP]
"R), AUTUMN (UPP] LEFT), W9T] (L[]
LEFT), & SPR+ (L[] "R)_4 ,US+ A
,/YROFOAM^T BALL M.T$ ON A P5CIL (WITH
! ERAS] 5D 9DICAT+ 8NOR?0 & AN APPLI$
LABEL OR TACTILE /ICK] 9DICAT+ 8,NOR?
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APPROXIMATELY #23 DEGREES) >.D ! ,SUN
(SMALL B[L OR ORANGE) 9 A
C.T]CLOCKWISE MO;N4 ,2 SURE N 6*ANGE !
-----------------------------------#DH
TILT ( ,E>? Z X ORBITS ! ,SUN4 ,DUR+
,E>?'S ORBIT1 ANN\NCE :5 ! SOL/ICES &
EQUINOXES WD O3UR4 ,AT EA* PO9T1 NOTE
:5 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA WD 2 RCVG ! MO/
DIRECT SUNLI<T (SUMM]) OR ! L1/
SUNLI<T (W9T])_4 ,IF DESIR$ (AND )
ADULT SUP]VI.N), REPLACE ! B[L )A LAMP
(WITH ! %ADE REMOV$ & SECURELY     #EG
M.T$ ON A TA#), & REPLACE !       A#DH
,E>? MODEL )A PRINT_/TACTILE _W GLOBE4
      ,'@(,IMAGE ( ,E>? IS %[N 9 !
    PR9T GUIDEBOOK4@),'
  ,IS ! ,E>? A TRUE SPH]E1 T IS1 A R.D
BODY ^: SURFACE IS AT ALL PO9TS
EQUIDISTANT F ! C5T]8 ,US+ A S(T-FOAM
/RESS BALL1 DEMON/RATE 6/UD5TS H[ ,E>?
BULGES \ AT ! EQUATOR & IS SLI<TLY
FLATT5$ AT ! POLES4 ,? %APE IS !
RESULT ( ,E>?'S RAPID SP94 ,A6IX A
PIECE ( GRAPHIC >T TAPE >.D ! C5T] (!
BALL 6REPRES5T ! EQUATOR & SQUEEZE
8,E>?0 F TOP (,NOR? ,POLE) 6BOTTOM
(,S\? ,POLE)_4
  ,E>? HAS F\R SEP>ATE LAY]S3 ! 9N]
CORE1 \T] CORE1 MANTLE1 & \T] CRU/4 ,H
/UD5TS (IN SMALL GR\PS) DESIGN A MODEL
(! ,E>?'S LAY]S4 ,= EXAMPLE1 AN ICE
CR1M C"O C 2 US$ 6REPRES5T A SEC;N
EXTRACT$ F ,E>?2 A ,H]%EY'S ,KISS^R
POSI;N$ AT ! BOTTOM (! C"O REPRES5TS !
SOLID 9N] CORE2 A SCOOP ( *OCOLATE
PU4+ REPRES5TS ! LIQUID \T] CORE2
*OCOLATE *IP ICE CR1M REPRES5TS !
ROCKY MANTLE2 &A LAY] ( C&Y       B#DH
SPR9KLES REPRES5TS ! \T] ROCKY CRU/4
,! CR1T$ MODEL C 2 BUILT F MAT]IALS
*OS5 0! /UD5TS4
-----------------------------------#DI
      .,FOOD .,ALL]GY .,AL]T3 ,2 SURE
    *ECK = ALL]GIES 2F (F]+ NUTS OR
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    ,ALL]GIES C 2 LIFE-?R1T5+4
  ,DIVIDE /UD5TS 96SMALL GR\PS & H EA*
RESE>* & REPORT ON ! FOLL[+3

,E>?'S ,SURFACE ,F1TURES--CANYONS1
  CAVES1 M.TA9S1 COA/L9E1 OC1NS1 ETC4
,E>?'S ,ATMOSPH]E--CLIMATE1 W1!R1 W9D1
  CL\DS1 ETC4
,E>?'S ,PLATE ,TECTONICS
,ERO.N & ,W1!R+ ( ,E>?

  .,MA? .,3NEC;N3 ,H /UD5TS RESE>* &
REPORT ON SPECIAL GEOGRAPHICAL F1TURES
( ,E>? 0_! SIZE4 ,= EXAMPLE3

,:AT IS ! L>GE/ VOLCANO8           #EI
,:AT IS ! L;GE/ RIV]8             A#DI
,:AT IS ! L>GE/ CANYON8
,:AT IS ! L>GE/ DES]T8
,:AT IS ! L>GE/ ISL&8
,:AT IS ! HI<E/ M.TA98
-----------------------------------#EJ

  ,RANK ! F\R T]RE/RIAL PLANETS 0SIZE
(L>GE/ 6SMALLE/)_3

  ,KEY
TP ,T]RE/RIAL ,PLANET
DM ,DIAMET] (,MILES)
DK ,DIAMET] (,KILOMET]S)

77777777777777777777777777777777777777
TP       DM      DK
"333333  "33333  "333333
,E>?     #7,926  #12,756
,V5US    #7,521  #12,104
,M>S     #4,220  #6,791
,M]CURY  #3,032  #4,879
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG


  ,MAKE A PIE *>T %[+ ,E>?'S      A#EJ
ATMOSPH]IC -POSI;N4
      ,'@(,THE PR9T GUIDEBOOK %[S A
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                                   #FA
  ,EXPLA9 AN ,A/RONOMICAL ,UNIT    #EA
(,,AU) ( M1SURE;T4 @(,IT IS ! AV]AGE
4T.E 2T ! ,SUN & ,E>?--AB #93 MILLION
MILES (150,000 MILLION KILOMET]S)_4 ,?
UNIT ( M1SURE;T IS US$ 69DICATE 4T.ES
)9 ! ,SOL> ,SY/EM4@) ,RESE>* & *>T !
,A/RONOMICAL ,UNIT = EA* PLANET4
,/UD5TS C USE ,,APH,''S ,PLANET ,RANK+
0,4T.E F ! ,SUN ,"W%EET 6RECORD _!
F9D+S4















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,PLANET   ,AV]AGE ,,AU ,4T.E F ! ,SUN
"3333333  "333333333333333333333333333
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,JUPIT]   #5.2
,SATURN   #9.5
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GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  .,LANGUAGE .,3NEC;N3 ,H ! /UD5TS
CR1TE A LI/ ( NICK"NS 6HELP !M REMEMB]
! F1TURES ( ,E>?3 8,L>GE/ ,T]RE/RIAL
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8,BLUE & ,:ITE ,M>#10 ETC4
-----------------------------------#EB
  ,4CUSS ! ORIG9S (! PLANET'S "N4 ,E>?
IS ! ONLY PLANET N "ND AF ,GREEK OR
,ROMAN MY?OLOGY4 ,XS "N M1NS 8GR.D40
  ,H /UD5TS CR1TE _! [N FACT C>DS OR
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  ,E>?'S POL> ICE CAPS 3TA9 OV]    #EC
#70@0 (! PLANET'S FRE% WAT]4 ,E>?'S
POL> CAPS >E %R9K+4
  ,\R ,SUN IS ACTU,Y CLOS] 6! ,E>?
DUR+ ,NOR!RN ,HEMISPH]E'S W9T] ?AN
DUR+ ,NOR!RN ,HEMISPH]E'S SUMM]4
  ,VISIT ! FOLL[+ ,WEBSITES = M 9=M,N
AB ,E>?3

,W9D[S 6! ,UNIV]SE3 ,E>?
  _+HTTP://WWW.WINDOWS.UCAR.EDU/_&
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_>SPACE._<COM_:3 ,AB ,PLANET ,E>?
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,_W ,BOOK AT ,,NASA3 ,E>?
  _+HTTP://WWW.NASA.GOV/WORLDBOOK/_&
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,N,NAL ,GEOGRAPHIC3 ,SCI;E & ,SPACE3
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                                   #FE
             ,ACTIV;Y #6        #ED-EE
        ,,M>S--,! ,R$ ,PLANET

  .,OBJECTIVE3 ,LE>N AB ! 9T]E/+
F1TURES & "*I/ICS (! PLANET ,M>S &
BUILD A MODEL (! PLANET4
  .,VOCABUL>Y3 ,DEIMOS1 ,M>S1 ,OLYMPUS
,MONS1 ,PHOBOS1 ROV]1 T]RE/RIAL
PLANET1 ,VALLES ,M>9]IS
  .,MAT]IALS3 ,S5SE ( ,SCI;E3
,A/RONOMY MAT]IALS3

,QK ,FACT ,C>D3 ,,M>S
,RELATIVE ,SIZES (! ,PLANETS ,OV]LAY
,PLANET>Y ,ORBITS ,OV]LAY
,\R ,SOL> ,SY/EM ,4PLAY
,RELATIVE ,4T.ES (! ,PLANETS ,4PLAY
,PLANET ,FACT ,"W%EET @(,,WS-#1@)







  ,MAT]IALS = BUILD+ PLANET        #EF
MODEL3

(1) #1-1_/4'' ,/YROFOAM^T BALL
,ACRYLIC PA9T (R$) & PA9TBRU%
,PR9T AND_/OR BRL LABEL ( 8,M>S0 A6IX$
  6A TOO?PICK

  ,O!R MAT]IALS (FOR ,EXT5.N
,ACTIVITIES)_3

,UNCOOK$ E7S ("O = EA* SMALL GR\P (
  /UD5TS)
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  .,PROC$URE3 ,REVIEW UNIQUE F1TURES (
,M>S )! CLASS4 ,ASK /UD5TS 6%>E :AT !Y
MI<T ALR "K AB ? PLANET4
  ,"S F1TURES & "*I/ICS ( ,M>S 9CLUDE3

,F\R? PLANET F ! ,SUN4             #FG
,"O (! F\R T]RE/RIAL PLANETS4     A#EF
,PLANET MO/ L ,E>?1 EXCEPT M* SMALL]4
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,HAS TWO MOONS "ND ,PHOBOS & ,DEIMOS1
  : >E AM;G ! SMALLE/ 9 ! ,SOL>
  ,SY/EM4
,X IS ROCKY1 COLD1 & APP>5TLY LIFE.S4
-----------------------------------#EG
,HAS ENORM\S VOLCANOES & VALLEYS4
,HUGE DU/ /ORMS P]IODIC,Y 5COMPASS !
  :OLE PLANET4

  ,MAKE A MODEL (! PLANET ,M>S 0US+ A
#1-1_/4'' ,/YROFOAM^T BALL & PA9T+ X
R$4 ,A6IX A PR9T AND_/OR BRL LABEL (
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,MAKE AT L1/ "O MODEL ( ,M>S T C 2 US$
6EV5TU,Y BUILD AN 5TIRE ,SOL> ,SY/EM
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AVAILA#1 EA* /UD5T (OR PAIRS ( /UD5TS)
C BUILD A MODEL ( ,M>S4
      ,'@(,3/RUCT$ MODEL ( ,M>S IS %[N
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  .,EXT5.N .,ACTIVITIES3 ,-P>E & 3TRA/
! F1TURES ( ,M>S & ,E>?4 ,= EXAMPLE3
    ,SIMIL>ITIES3                 A#EG
,BO? H A C5TRAL IRON CORE4
,BO? H F\R S1SONS4
,BO? H POL> ICE CAPS4
-----------------------------------#EH
,BO? H SIMIL> ROT,N P]IOD L5G?S1 )
  ,M>S' 2+ ONLY #37 M9UTES L;G] ?AN
  ,E>?'S4
,BO? H SIMIL> L&=MS S* Z VOLCANOES1
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,BO? H ! SAME AM.T ( L&MASS4

    ,DI6];ES3
,M>S' ROCK LAY] IS ?ICK] ?AN ,E>?'S4
,M>S' ATMOSPH]E IS ?9N] ?AN ,E>?'S4
,M>S IS HALF ! DIAMET] ( ,E>?4
,M>S IS BITT]LY COLD ) AN AV]AGE
  TEMP]ATURE ( -#81^.* ;,F
  (-#62^.* ;,C)_4
,M>S IS R$DI% 9 COLOR4
,N9ETY-FIVE P]C5T ( ,M>S' ATMOSPH]E IS
  C>BON DIOXIDE4
,M>S' S1SONS LA/ TWICE Z L;G Z ,E>?'S4

  ,EXPLOR,N ( ,M>S' SURFACE IS     #FI
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ROBOTIC ROV]S4 ,6L& S(TLY ON ,M>S'
SURFACE1 ^! ROV]S >E PROTECT$ 0GIANT
AIR BAGS DUR+ L&+4 ,H /UD5TS "W 9
SMALL GR\PS 6DESIGN A 8ROV]0 (AS
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DROPP$ ON ! FLOOR4 ,H[ C !Y PROTECT X
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POSSI# PROTECTIVE MAT]IAL (E4G41 BUB#
WRAP1 ,/YROFOAM^T1 PLA/IC BAGS1 TAPE1
ETC4)_4 ,= M 9=M,N & IMAGES AB ,M>S'
ROV] MIS.NS1 VISIT ,,NASA,''S 8,M>S
,EXPLOR,N ,ROV] ,MIS.N0 ,WEBSITE3
_+HTTP://MARSROVERS.JPL.NASA.GOV/_&
HOME/INDEX.HTML_:
-----------------------------------#EI
      .,FOOD .,ALL]GY .,AL]T3 ,2 SURE
    *ECK = ALL]GIES 2F (F]+ NUTS OR
    ANY O!R FOODS 6! /UD5T Y >E "W+ )
    OR O!RS ) :OM Y MI<T WI% 6%>E4
    ,ALL]GIES C 2 LIFE-?R1T5+4
  .,MA? .,3NEC;N3 ,CALCULATE YR WEI<T
ON ! PLANET ,M>S4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF Y
WEI< #100 P.DS ON ,E>?1 Y WD WEI< AB
#38 P.DS ON ,M>S4
  ,H /UD5TS CR1TE MA? PRO#MS T    A#EI
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EXAMPLE3

,H[ M* L>G] IS ,E>?'S DIAMET] ?AN
    ,M>S'8
  #7,926 MILES (12,756 KILOMET]S)
    -#4,220 MILES (6,791 KILOMET]S)
    .K =
,H[ DOES ,E>?'S AV]AGE 4T.E F ! ,SUN
    -P>E 6T ( ,M>S8
  #142 MILLION MILES
    (228 MILLION KILOMET]S)
    -#93 MILLION MILES
    (150 MILLION KILOMET]S)
    .K =
-----------------------------------#FJ
,IF Y LIV$ ON ,M>S = #11 ( XS YE>S1 H[
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  #1 ,M>TIAN YE> .K #687 ,E>? "DS
  #1 ,E>? YE> .K #365 ,E>? "DS
      .,ANSW]3 #20.7 ,E>? YE>S

  ,RESE>* ! HEI<T & DIAMET] ( ,M>S'
L>GE/ VOLCANO1 ,OLYMPUS ,MONS4     #GA
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CAT*Y PHRASE T HI<LI<TS "S 9T]E/+
F1TURES AB ,M>S4 ,= EXAMPLE3
-----------------------------------#FA

  8,NE$ "S EXTRA "T8 ,ADD #37 M9UTES
6YR "D40
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,SY/EM'S L>GE/ VOLCANO60          A#FA
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  .,SCI;E .,TIDBIT3 ,9 #1965,     B#FA
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--.,_S & .,OPPORTUN;Y--F.D EVID;E T
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RUNS ACR "O-F\R? ( ,M>S' SURFACE--AB !
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GRAV;Y4 ,_! "NS M1N 8FE>0 & 8PANIC10
RESPECTIVELY4
  ,VISIT ! FOLL[+ ,WEBSITES = M 9=M,N
AB ,M>S3

,M>S ,T1M ,ONL9E                  A#FB
  _+HTTP://QUEST.ARC.NASA.GOV/MARS/_&
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,,NASA,''S ,M>S ,EXPLOR,N ,PROGRAM
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-----------------------------------#FC
,,NASA,''S ,M>S3 ,! ,R$ ,PLANET
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  PLANETS/PROFILE.CFM?_OBJECT=_MARS&_&
  _DISPLAY=_KIDS_:
,N,NAL ,GEOGRAPHIC3 ,SCI;E & ,SPACE3
  ,M>S _+HTTP://SCIENCE._&
  NATIONALGEOGRAPHIC.COM/SCIENCE/_&
  SPACE/SOLAR-SYSTEM/MARS-ARTICLE._&
  HTML_:
--------------------------------#FD-FE
             ,ACTIV;Y #7
     ,,JUPIT]--,! ,L>GE/ ,PLANET

  .,OBJECTIVE3 ,LE>N AB ! 9T]E/+
F1TURES & "*I/ICS (! PLANET ,JUPIT] &
BUILD A MODEL (! PLANET4
  .,VOCABUL>Y3 ,GALIL1N SATELLITES1
GAS GIANT1 GOSSAM] R+1 ,GRT ,R$    #GE
,SPOT1 ,JOVIAN PLANET1 ,JUPIT]1   A#FE
PLANET>Y R+S1 SPACE PROBE
  .,MAT]IALS3 ,S5SE ( ,SCI;E3
,A/RONOMY MAT]IALS3

,QK ,FACT ,C>D3 ,,JUPIT]
,RELATIVE ,SIZES (! ,PLANETS ,OV]LAY
,PLANET>Y ,ORBITS ,OV]LAY
,\R ,SOL> ,SY/EM ,4PLAY
,RELATIVE ,4T.ES (! ,PLANETS ,4PLAY
,PLANET ,FACT ,"W%EET @(,,WS-#1@)

  ,MAT]IALS = BUILD+ PLANET MODEL3

(1) #4'' ,/YROFOAM^T BALL
,ACRYLIC PA9T (ORANGE)
-----------------------------------#FF
(1) R$ CRAFT FOAM CIRCLE OR OVAL
  (6REPRES5T ! ,GRT ,R$ ,SPOT)
,S"EAL Y>N /RIPS (R$1 YELL[1 BR[N1
  :ITE) T CIRCLE ! DIAMET] (
  ,/YROFOAM^T BALL (6REPRES5T CL\D
  B&S)_4
,PR9T AND_/OR BRL LABEL ( 8,JUPIT]0
  A6IX$ 6A TOO?PICK
,GLUE                             A#FF

  .,PROC$URE3 ,REVIEW UNIQUE F1TURES (
,JUPIT] )! CLASS4 ,ASK /UD5TS 6%>E :AT
!Y MI<T ALR "K AB ? PLANET4
  ,"S F1TURES & "*I/ICS ( ,JUPIT]
9CLUDE3

,L>GE/ PLANET 9 ! ,SOL> ,SY/EM4
,FIF? PLANET F ! ,SUN4
,X IS A GAS GIANT (,JOVIAN PLANET)
  -POS$ ( MO/LY HYDROG5 & HELIUM4
,HAS 3/ANTLY SWIRL+ W9DS T CR1TE
  /ORMS4
,X HAS A SMALL ROCKY CORE T IS ?REE
  "TS HOTT] ?AN ! SURFACE (! ,SUN4
,ROTATES ON XS AXIS FA/] ?AN ANY O!R
  PLANET4
,X IS ! H1VIE/ PLANET4
,HAS ! /R;GE/ MAGNETIC FIELD ( ALL O!R
  PLANETS4
,HAS A ?9 SY/EM ( R+S4
,XS L>GE/ /ORM IS CALL$ ! ,GRT ,R$
  ,SPOT4
                                   #GG
,S5DS RADIO WAVES /R;G 5 6BE       #FG
  DETECT$ 0RADIO TELESCOPES ON ,E>?4
,HAS #63 "KN MOONS4

  ,4CUSS ,JUPIT]'S COLOR;L CL\D B&S4
,! LI<T B&S >E CALL$ 8Z"OS10 &! D>K
B&S >E CALL$ 8BELTS40 ,^! B&S CIRCLE !
PLANET P>ALLEL 6,JUPIT]'S EQUATOR4
  ,MAKE A MODEL (! PLANET ,JUPIT] 0US+
A #4-9* ,/YROFOAM^T BALL4 ,PA9T X
ORANGE1 & !N ONCE DRY1 GLUE Y>N /RIPS
9 V>I\S COLORS (R$1 YELL[1 BR[N1 &
:ITE) >.D XS DIAMET] 6REPRES5T
,JUPIT]'S CL\D B&S4 ,APPLY A R$ CRAFT
FOAM CIRCLE OR OVAL 6XS SURFACE
6REPRES5T ! ,GRT ,R$ ,SPOT4 ,A6IX A
PR9T AND_/OR BRL LABEL ( 8,JUPIT]0 6A
TOO?PICK & 9S]T X 96! MODEL4 ,MAKE AT
L1/ "O MODEL ( ,JUPIT] T C 2 US$
6EV5TU,Y BUILD AN 5TIRE ,SOL> ,SY/EM
=A CLASSROOM 4PLAY4 ,IF 5 MAT]IALS >E
AVAILA#1 EA* /UD5T (OR PAIRS ( /UD5TS)
C BUILD A MODEL ( ,JUPIT]4
      ,'@(,3/RUCT$ MODEL ( ,JUPIT] IS
    %[N 9 ! PR9T GUIDEBOOK4@),'
  .,EXT5.N .,ACTIVITIES3 ,4CUSS    #FH
! DI6];ES 2T ,JUPIT] & ,E>?4 ,=
EXAMPLE3

    ,DI6];ES3
,A "D ON ,JUPIT] IS M* %ORT] ?AN A "D
  ON ,E>?4 ,JUPIT]'S "D IS ONLY #10
  ,E>? H\RS L;G4
,JUPIT] LACKS A SOLID SURFACE4
,JUPIT] HAS _M MOONS2 ,E>? HAS "O4
,/ORMS ON ,JUPIT] C LA/ OV] HUNDR$S (
  YE>S2 ,E>?'S /ORMS LA/ ONLY "DS OR
  WEEKS4
,JUPIT]'S D5S;Y IS "O-F\R? T ( ,E>?4
,JUPIT]'S MAGNETIC FIELD IS M* /R;G]
  ?AN ,E>?'S4

  ,ASK /UD5TS :Y ,JUPIT] HAS A /R;G]
MAGNETIC FIELD ?AN ,E>?4 @(,2C (
,JUPIT]'S SIZE & XS FA/] ROT,N4@)
  ,4CUSS :Y ,JUPIT] IS N 3SID]$ A />4
@(,IT LACKS ! MASS NE$$ 6BE A />4@)
,H[ IS X L \R ,SUN8 ,H[ IS X UNLIKE \R
,SUN8
  ,4CUSS ! DI6]5T WAYS 9 :         #GI
,JUPIT] HAS BE5 /UDI$3            A#FH

,TELESCOPES ON ,E>? & ON BO>D
  >TIFICIAL SATELLITES 9 ORBIT >.D
  ,E>?
,CREW.S EXPLORATORY CRAFT_/SPACE
  PROBES
-----------------------------------#FI

  ,4CUSS ! PLANET>Y R+S ( ,JUPIT]4 ,!
R+ SY/EM ( ,JUPIT] IS V ?9 & MADE UP
MO/LY ( MICROSCOPIC DU/ "PICLES &
FRAG;TS ( ROCKS4 ,X IS -POS$ ( ?REE
MAJOR -PON5TS3 ! DONUT-%AP$ .HALO
(9N]MO/), ! FLAT .MA9 .R+1 &! .GOSSAM]
.R+ (\T]MO/ R+ 3SI/+ ( ?REE FA9T
R+S)_4
  .,MA? .,3NEC;N3 ,CALCULATE YR WEI<T
ON ! PLANET ,JUPIT]4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF Y
WEI< #100 P.DS ON ,E>?1 Y WD WEI< AB
#236 P.DS IF Y CD /& ON ,JUPIT]4
  ,H /UD5TS CR1TE MA? PRO#MS T -P>E
,JUPIT] 6,E>? OR 6O!R PLANETS4 ,=
EXAMPLE3

,H[ M* L>G] IS ,JUPIT]'S          A#FI
    DIAMET] ?AN ,E>?'S8
  #88,846 MILES (142,984 KILOMET]S)
    -#7,926 MILES (12,756 KILOMET]S)
    .K =
    @(,JUPIT] IS M ?AN #11 "TS L>G] 9
      DIAMET] ?AN ,E>?6@)
,H[ DOES ,E>?'S AV]AGE 4T.E F ! ,SUN
    -P>E 6,JUPIT]'S8
  #484 MILLION MILES
    (779 MILLION KILOMET]S)
    -#93 MILLION MILES
    (150 MILLION KILOMET]S)
    .K =
  @(,E>? IS #1 ,,AU F ! ,SUN4 ,JUPIT]
    IS AB #5 ,,AU F ! ,SUN & IS "!=E
    FIVE "TS F>!R F ! ,SUN ?AN ,E>?4@)
-----------------------------------#GJ
,IF Y LIV$ ON ,JUPIT] = "O ( XS YE>S1
    H[ _M ,E>? YE>S WD Y H SP5T8
  #1 YE> ON ,JUPIT] .K #11.9 ,E>? YE>S
      .,ANSW]3 ,NE>LY #12 ,E>? YE>S4
,H[ M* GRT] IS ,JUPIT]'S MASS :5 -P>$
    6,E>?'S8
  @(318 "TS@)                      #HA
,H[ M* L>G] IS ! DIAMET] (        A#GJ
    ,JUPIT]'S ,GRT ,R$ ,SPOT ?AN ,E>?8
  @(,AT XS WIDE/ DIAMET]1 ?
    HURRICANE-L /ORM IS AB ?REE "TS
    ,E>?'S DIAMET]4@)

  ,! ,GALIL1N SATELLITES >E ! F\R
L>GE/ MOONS ( ,JUPIT]4 ,RESE>* ! "NS (
^! MOONS & LI/ !M 9 ORD] 0DIAMET] F
L>GE/ 6SMALLE/4

,GANYM$E--#3,273 MILES
  (5,268 KILOMET]S)
,CALLI/O--#2,986 MILES
  (4,805 KILOMET]S)
,IO--#2,264 MILES (3,643 KILOMET]S)
,EUROPA--#1,945 MILES
  (3,130 KILOMET]S)

  ,: ( ^! MOONS IS SD 6H XS [N
MAGNETIC FIELD & IS ! L>GE/ 9 ! ,SOL>
,SY/EM8 @(,GANYM$E@)
  ,: ( ^! MOONS IS ! MO/ VOLCANIC,Y
ACTIVE BODY 9 \R ,SOL> ,SY/EM8 @(,IO@)

  ,: ( ^! MOONS IS ! ?IRD L>GE/    #GA
9 \R ,SOL> ,SY/EM8 @(,CALLI/O@)
  ,: ( ^! MOONS HAS A SURFACE -POS$
MO/LY ( ICE8 @(,EUROPA@)

  ,=A FULL LI/ ( ,JUPIT]'S MOONS & _!
"NS VISIT
_+HTTP://SOLARSYSTEM.NASA.GOV/_&
PLANETS/PROFILE.CFM?_DISPLAY=_MOONS&_&
_OBJECT=_JUPITER_:
  .,LANGUAGE .,3NEC;N3 ,H ! /UD5TS
CR1TE A LI/ ( NICK"NS 6HELP !M REMEMB]
! F1TURES ( ,JUPIT]3 8,L>GE/ ,PLANET10
8,L>GE/ ,GAS ,GIANT10 8,HOME (! ,GRT
,R$ ,SPOT10 8,FIF? ,PLANET F ! ,SUN10
8,! ,/RIP$ ,PLANET10 8,H1VIE/
,PLANET10 8,HUGE ,MAGNET10 8,FAIL$
,/>10 8,FA/E/ ,ROTAT+ ,PLANET10 8,K+
(! ,PLANETS10 ETC4
  ,4CUSS ! ORIG9S (! PLANET'S "N4 ,Z !
L>GE/ PLANET1 ,JUPIT] 0 "ND AF !
,ROMAN'S SUPREME GOD4
  ,H ! /UD5TS CR1TE "S PHRASES T WD
.N"E 2 SD 0"S"O VISIT+ ,JUPIT] (IF X 7
POSSI#)_3 ,= EXAMPLE3              #HC
                                  A#GA
  8,LOOK AT ALL ^! ROCKS60
  8,? IS A RE,Y T9Y PLANET40
  8,I WI% "! 7 M MOONS ?AN J ^! F\R40
  8,"!'S N A /ORM 9 SI<T40
-----------------------------------#GB

  ,H /UD5TS PRET5D 6H TRAVEL$ 6,JUPIT]
& WRITE A J\RNAL 5TRY ( _! F9D+S (BAS$
ON RESE>* F9D+S LOCAT$ 9 BOOKS AND_/OR
ON ! ,9T]NET)_4
  ,H /UD5TS MAKE A "TL9E ( SPACE
PROBES (E4G41 .,PIONE] .#AJ, .,VOYAGE
.#B, .,GALILEO) S5T 6/UDY ,JUPIT] &
REPORT RELAT$ F9D+S ( EA*4
  ,H /UD5TS CR1TE _! [N FACT C>DS OR
FACT BOOKS AB ,JUPIT]4
  ,ASK EA* /UD5T 6-PLETE A ,PLANET
,FACT ,"W%EET = ,JUPIT]4
  .,VISUAL .,ADAPT,N3 ,REVIEW
,JUPIT]'S RELATIVE 4T.E F ! ,SUN US+ !
,RELATIVE ,4T.ES (! ,PLANETS ,4PLAY4
  ,REVIEW ,JUPIT]'S RELATIVE SIZE -P>$
6O!R PLANETS US+ ! ,RELATIVE ,SIZES (!
,PLANETS ,OV]LAY4
  ,DRAW A TACTILE IMAGE (         A#GB
,JUPIT]'S SYMBOL US+ ,WIKKI,/IX^R1
,DRAFTSMAN1 OR ,PICTURE ,MAK]4
      ,'@(,PR9T IMAGE ( ,JUPIT]'S
    SYMBOL IS %[N 9 ! PR9T GUIDEBOOK3
    ,A /YLIZ$ PR9T NUMB] F\R4@),'
  ,USE ,\R ,SOL> ,SY/EM ,4PLAY &!
,PLANET>Y ,ORBITS ,OV]LAY 6REVIEW !
ORBITAL PATT]N ( ,JUPIT] 9 REL,N%IP 6!
,SUN & O!R PLANETS4
-----------------------------------#GC
  .,SCI;E .,TIDBIT3 ,9 #1610, ,GALILEO
,GALILEI 4COV]$ ,JUPIT]'S F\R L>GE/
MOONS4
  ,9 #1994, PIECES (A SMALL -ET CALL$
,%OEMAK]-,LEVY #9 CRA%$ 96,JUPIT]4
  ,9 #2009, A -ET HIT ,JUPIT] L1V+ A
8BLACK EYE0 ! SIZE (! ,PACIFIC ,OC1N4
  ,! .,GALILEO SPACECRAFT ORBIT$
,JUPIT] 2T #1995 & #2003_4
  ,9 #2008, ,,NASA ANN\NC$ PLANS
6EMB>K ON A #20-YE> PROJECT 6S5D A
SPACECRAFT 6,JUPIT]'S ICE-COV]$ MOON1
,EUROPA4 ,R1D M AT
                                   #HE
  _+HTTP://WWW.SPACE.COM/_&       A#GC
BUSINESSTECHNOLOGY/081127-AM-EUROPA-_&
EJSM.HTML_:
  ,VISIT ! FOLL[+ ,WEBSITES = M 9=M,N
AB ,JUPIT]3

,SCI;E ,DAILY3 ,JUPIT] ,NEWS
  _+HTTP://WWW.SCIENCEDAILY.COM/_&
  NEWS/SPACE__TIME/JUPITER/_:
,SPACE4COM3 ,ALL ,AB ,JUPIT]
  _+HTTP://WWW.SPACE.COM/JUPITER/_:
,WELCOME 6! ,PLANETS3 ,JUPIT]
  _+HTTP://PDS.JPL.NASA.GOV/PLANETS/_&
  CHOICES/JUPITER1.HTM_:
-----------------------------------#GD
,EXPLOR+ ! ,JUPIT] ,SY/EM
  _+HTTP://WWW.SPACETODAY.ORG/_SOL_&
  _SYS/_JUPITER/_JUPITER_PLANET.HTML_:
,N,NAL ,GEOGRAPHIC3 ,SCI;E & ,SPACE3
  ,JUPIT] _+HTTP://SCIENCE._&
  NATIONALGEOGRAPHIC.COM/SCIENCE/_&
  SPACE/SOLAR-SYSTEM/JUPITER-_&
  ARTICLE.HTML_:


             ,ACTIV;Y #8           #GE
      ,,SATURN--,! ,R+$ ,PLANET

  .,OBJECTIVE3 ,LE>N AB ! 9T]E/+
F1TURES & "*I/ICS (! PLANET ,SATURN &
BUILD A MODEL (! PLANET4
  .,VOCABUL>Y3 ,CASS9I ,DIVI.N1 GAS
GIANT1 ,JOVIAN PLANET1 PLANET>Y R+S1
,SATURN1 %EPH]D MOONS1 ,TITAN
  .,MAT]IALS3 ,S5SE ( ,SCI;E3
,A/RONOMY MAT]IALS3

,QK ,FACT ,C>D3 ,,SATURN
,RELATIVE ,SIZES (! ,PLANETS ,OV]LAY
,PLANET>Y ,ORBITS ,OV]LAY
,\R ,SOL> ,SY/EM ,4PLAY
,RELATIVE ,4T.ES (! ,PLANETS ,4PLAY
,PLANET ,FACT ,"W%EET @(,,WS-#1@)

  ,MAT]IALS = BUILD+ PLANET MODEL3

(1) #3'' ,/YROFOAM^T BALL @(,CAU;N3 ,!
  T1*] %D CUT ! BALL 9 HALF1 N !
  /UD5T(S)_4@)
                                   #HG
,ACRYLIC PA9T (YELL[)              #GF
,UNUS$ ;,,CD
,GLITT] (V>IETY ( COLORS)
,GLUE
,PR9T AND_/OR BRL LABEL ( 8,SATURN0
  A6IX$ 6A TOO?PICK

  .,PROC$URE3 ,REVIEW UNIQUE F1TURES (
,SATURN )! CLASS4 ,ASK /UD5TS 6%>E :AT
!Y MI<T ALR "K AB ? PLANET4
  ,"S F1TURES & "*I/ICS ( ,SATURN
9CLUDE3

,SIX? PLANET F ! ,SUN4
,SECOND L>GE/ PLANET4
,HAS ! B"RE/ R+S ( ALL ! GAS GIANTS
  (,JOVIAN PLANETS)_4
,HAS ?\S&S ( R+S MADE UP ( ICE & ROCK
  "PICLES4
,MADE UP MO/LY ( HYDROG5 & HELIUM4
,HAS NO SOLID SURFACE4
,XS ROT,N IS V FA/--J "U #11 ,E>?
  H\RS4
,HAS ! L[E/ D5S;Y ( ANY PLANET 9 !
  ,SOL> ,SY/EM2 X WD FLOAT 9 WAT]4
,XS L>GE/ MOON IS ,TITAN4         A#GF

  ,MAKE A MODEL (! PLANET ,SATURN 0US+
A #3-9* ,/YROFOAM^T BALL & PA9T+ X
YELL[4 ,ONCE ! PA9T IS DRY1 CUT ! BALL
9 HALF @(6BE D"O BY
-----------------------------------#GG
! T1*]6@) & GLUE EA* HALF 6EI SIDE (
AN UNUS$ ;,,CD4 @(,NOTE3 ,! TWO HALVES
(! BALL C 2 JO9$ 0A FEW TOO?PICKS
9S]T$ "? ! ;,,CD,''S C5T] OP5+4@) ,!N
APPLY A ?9 LAY] ( GLUE 6"O SIDE (!
;,,CD & SPR9KLE ) 8R+S0 ( GLITT] 9
V>I\S COLORS2 ONCE DRY1 REP1T R+S ON
OPPOSITE SIDE4 ,A6IX A PR9T AND_/OR
BRL LABEL ( 8,SATURN0 6A TOO?PICK &
9S]T X 96! MODEL4 ,MAKE AT L1/ "O
MODEL ( ,SATURN T C 2 US$ 6EV5TU,Y
BUILD AN 5TIRE ,SOL> ,SY/EM =A
CLASSROOM 4PLAY4 ,IF 5 MAT]IALS >E
AVAILA#1 EA* /UD5T (OR PAIRS ( /UD5TS)
C BUILD A MODEL ( ,SATURN4
      ,'@(,3/RUCT$ MODEL ( ,SATURN IS
    %[N 9 ! PR9T GUIDEBOOK4@),'
  .,EXT5.N .,ACTIVITIES3 ,4CUSS    #HI
! SIMIL>ITIES & DI6];ES 2T        A#GG
,JUPIT] & ,SATURN4 ,= EXAMPLE3

    ,SIMIL>ITIES3
,BO? >E GAS GIANTS4
,! ATMOSPH]ES ( BO? >E -POS$ MO/LY (
  HYDROG5 & HELIUM4
-----------------------------------#GH
,BO? H A R+ SY/EM4
,BO? H ROCKY CORE4
,BO? LACK A SOLID SURFACE4
,BO? ROTATE RAPIDLY4

    ,DI6];ES3
,SATURN IS F>!R F ! ,SUN ?AN ,JUPIT]4
,SATURN IS COLD] ?AN ,JUPIT]4
,SATURN HAS A PROM95T R+ SY/EM2
  ,JUPIT] HAS A ?9 R+ SY/EM4
,JUPIT]'S R+S 3SI/ MO/LY ( F9E DU/
  "PICLES2 ,SATURN'S R+S 3SI/ MO/LY (
  ICY "PICLES4
,! B&$ CL\DS ( ,SATURN'S ATMOSPH]E >E
  N Z COLOR;L Z ,JUPIT]'S4
,SATURN'S MAGNETIC FIELD IS W1K] ?AN T
  ( ,JUPIT]'S4
,SATURN HAS LESS D5S;Y ?AN        A#GH
  ,JUPIT]4

  ,4CUSS H[ ,SATURN IS SIMIL> 6,E>?4
@(,EA* IS TILT$ ON XS AXIS AT A SIMIL>
ANGLE RELATIVE 6! ,SUN--,SATURN IS
TILT$ #27 DEGREES & ,E>? IS TILT$ #23
DEGREES4@)
  ,/UDY ,SATURN'S PLANET>Y R+ SY/EM
0HAV+ /UD5TS RESE>* ! ANSW]S 6! FOLL[+
"QS3

,H[ _M R+S DOES ,SATURN H8
,:AT IS ! -POSI;N ( ,SATURN'S R+S8
-----------------------------------#GI
,H[ _M MILES_/KILOMET]S ACR >E
  ,SATURN'S R+S8
,H[ ?ICK >E ,SATURN'S R+S8
,H[ D ,SATURN'S R+S APPE> F ,E>?8
,C ,SATURN'S R+S 2 SE5 )\T A
  TELESCOPE8
,9 :AT DIREC;N D ! R+S ORBIT ,SATURN8
,D ALL ! R+S ORBIT AT ! SAME SPE$8
,>E ! GAPS (DIVI.NS) 2T ,SATURN'S R+S
  ALL ! SAME WID?8                 #IA
,C A SPACECRAFT L& ON ,SATURN'S   A#GI
  R+S8
,H[ >E ,SATURN'S R+S "ND8
,:AT IS ! ,CASS9I ,DIVI.N8 ,H[ WIDE IS
  X8
,": >E ,SATURN'S MOONS LOCAT$ )9 ! R+
  SY/EM8
,:AT >E %EPH]D MOONS & :AT E6ECT D !Y
  H ON ! R+S8
,:AT >E ! "NS ( "S (! %EPH]D MOONS8

  ,= M 9=M,N AB EA* ( ,SATURN'S R+S
VISIT _+HTTP://WWW.PLANETARY.ORG/_&
EXPLORE/TOPICS/SATURN/RINGS.HTML_:

  .,MA? .,3NEC;N3 ,CALCULATE YR WEI<T
ON ! PLANET ,SATURN4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF Y
WEI< #100 P.DS ON ,E>?1 Y WD WEI< AB
#106 P.DS IF Y CD /& ON ,SATURN4
  ,H /UD5TS CR1TE MA? PRO#MS T -P>E
,SATURN 6,E>? OR 6O!R PLANETS4 ,=
EXAMPLE3



,H[ M* L>G] IS ,SATURN'S DIAMET]   #HJ
    ?AN ,E>?'S8
  #74,897 MILES (120,536 KILOMET]S)
    -#7,926 MILES (12,756 KILOMET]S)
    .K =
,H[ _M "TS F>!R IS ,SATURN F ! ,SUN
    ?AN ,E>?8
  ,SATURN'S AV]AGE 4T.E F ! ,SUN IS
    #890 MILLION MILES (1.4 BILLION
    KILOMET]S)_4
  ,E>?'S AV]AGE 4T.E F ! ,SUN IS #93
    MILLION MILES (150 MILLION
    KILOMET]S)_4
      .,ANSW]3 #9.5 "TS F>!R
,IF Y LIV$ ON ,SATURN = ?REE ( XS
    YE>S1 H[ _M ,E>? YE>S WD Y H SP5T8
    #1 YE> ON ,SATURN .K #29.5 ,E>?
      YE>S
      .,ANSW]3 ,NE>LY #90 ,E>? YE>S6

  ,SATURN HAS ! SECOND L>GE/ MOON 9 !
,SOL> ,SY/EM--,TITAN4 ,H[ M* SMALL] IS
,TITAN ?AN ! L>GE/ MOON 9 ! ,SOL>
,SY/EM1 ,JUPIT]'S ,GANYM$E8 ,H[ M*
L>G] IS ,TITAN ?AN ,E>?'S ,MOON8   #IC
  .,LANGUAGE .,3NEC;N3 ,H !        #HA
/UD5TS CR1TE A LI/ ( NICK"NS 6HELP !M
REMEMB] ! F1TURES ( ,SATURN3 8,PROM95T
,R+$ ,PLANET10 8,L[ ,D5S;Y ,PLANET10
8,CD-,FLOAT-,ON-,WAT] ,PLANET10 8,MO/
,B1UTI;L ,PLANET10 8,"L (! ,R+S10 ETC4
  ,4CUSS ! ORIG9S (! PLANET'S "N4
,SATURN IS "ND AF ! ,ROMAN GOD (
AGRICULTURE :O TAU<T P H[ 6F>M4 ,! "D
(! WEEK1 ,SATUR"D1 IS "ND AF HM Z
WELL4
  ,RESE>* ! "NS ( ,SATURN'S _M MOONS
(E4G41 ,DI"O1 ,RHEA1 ,HYP]ION1
,PHOEBE1 ETC4)_4 ,=A -PLETE LI/ VISIT
_+HTTP://SOLARSYSTEM.NASA.GOV/_&
PLANETS/PROFILE.CFM?_OBJECT=_SATURN&_&
_DISPLAY=_FACTS_:
  ,H /UD5TS MAKE A "TL9E ( SPACECRAFT
VISITS (E4G41 .,PIONE] .#AA, ..,VOYAG]
#1 @& #2, .,CASS9I-,HUYG5S) 6,SATURN &
SIGNIFICANT F9D+S ( EA*4
  ,H /UD5TS CR1TE REM9D]S AB ,SATURN'S
R+S US+ ! SEV5 ALPHABET LRS T
CORRESPOND 6EA* (! PLANET'S R+S4 ,=
EXAMPLE3
                                  A#HA
;,A .K .,A,'LPHABETICALLY "ND
;,B .K .,B,'ILLIONS ( "PICLES ( ICE &
  ROCK
;,C .K .,C,'ASSINI MIS.N IS /UDY+
  ,SATURN'S R+S
;,D .K .,D,'IVISIONS O3UR 2T ! R+S
-----------------------------------#HB
;,E .K .,E,'NORMOUS SIZE
;,F .K .,F,'AINT R+S >E MIX$ 9 ) M
  PROM95T R+S4
;,G .K .,G,'ALILEO F/ 4COV]$ ,SATURN'S
  R+S

  ,H /UD5TS CR1TE _! [N FACT C>DS OR
FACT BOOKS AB ,SATURN4
  ,ASK EA* /UD5T 6-PLETE A ,PLANET
,FACT ,"W%EET = ,SATURN4
  .,VISUAL .,ADAPT,N3 ,USE ! 3/RUCT$
MODEL ( ,SATURN 6DEMON/RATE ! V>I\S
VIEWS ( ,SATURN'S R+S F ,E>?4 ,H !
/UD5T TACTU,Y TRACE ! MODEL F XS
$GE-ON VIEW1 FEEL+ ONLY ! $GE (!
;,,CD4 ,TILT ! MODEL S T ! R+S (DRAWN
ON ! ;,,CD) C 2 M FULLY EXPLOR$4   #IE
,EXPLA9 T "! >E "TS DUR+          A#HB
,SATURN'S ORBIT T XS R+S APPE> FULLY
EXT5D$ F ,E>?'S P]SPECTIVE ("? A
TELESCOPE) & O!R "TS :5 ! R+S APPE> J
Z A V ?9 L9E1 ALM 4APPE>+ F VIEW4 ,!
R+S APPE> ! WIDE/ :5 ,SATURN'S NOR!RN
HEMISPH]E IS EXP]I5C+ SUMM]4
  ,REVIEW ,SATURN'S RELATIVE 4T.E F !
,SUN US+ ! ,RELATIVE ,4T.ES (!
,PLANETS ,4PLAY4
-----------------------------------#HC
  ,REVIEW ,SATURN'S RELATIVE SIZE -P>$
6O!R PLANETS US+ ! ,RELATIVE ,SIZES (!
,PLANETS ,OV]LAY4
  ,DRAW A TACTILE IMAGE ( ,SATURN'S
SYMBOL US+ ,WIKKI,/IX^R1 ,DRAFTSMAN1
OR ,PICTURE ,MAK]4
      ,'@(,PR9T IMAGE ( ,SATURN'S
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    ,A /YLIZ$ PR9T LR 8;H_0 )! TOP (
    XS V]TICAL L9E CROSS$ 0A %ORT
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  ,USE ,\R ,SOL> ,SY/EM ,4PLAY &!
,PLANET>Y ,ORBITS ,OV]LAY 6REVIEW !
ORBITAL PATT]N ( ,SATURN 9 REL,N%IP 6!
,SUN & O!R PLANETS4               A#HC
  .,SCI;E .,TIDBIT3 ,TITAN1 ,SATURN'S
L>GE/ MOON1 HAS RIV]S & LAKES ( LIQUID
ME?ANE4 ,TITAN IS L>G] ?AN ! PLANET
,M]CURY4
  ,! .,CASS9I SPACECRAFT >RIV$ AT
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MOONS M CLOSELY4 ,X C>RI$ A PROBE
CALL$ .,HUYG5S T 0 P>A*UT$ 96!
ATMOSPH]E ( ,TITAN4
  ,2C (! TILT ( ,SATURN & ?9;S ( XS
R+S1 E #14 YE>S ! R+S LOOK L !Y H
4APPE>$ :5 VIEW$ )A TELESCOPE ON ,E>?4
-----------------------------------#HD
  ,VISIT ! FOLL[+ ,WEBSITES = M 9=M,N
AB ,SATURN3

,SMI?SONIAN ,N,NAL ,AIR & ,SPACE
  ,MUSEUM3 ,EXPLOR+ ! ,PLANETS3
  ,SATURN _+HTTP://WWW.NASM.SI.EDU/_&
  RESEARCH/CEPS/ETP/SATURN/_:
,,NASA ,JET ,PROPUL.N ,LABORATORY3
  ,CALI=NIA ,9/ITUTE ( ,TE*NOLOGY3
  ,CASS9I ,EQUINOX ,MIS.N _+HTTP://_&
  SATURN.JPL.NASA.GOV/_:           #IG
,EXPLOR+ ,SATURN                  A#HD
  _+HTTP://WWW.SPACETODAY.ORG/_SOL_&
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  HTML_:
,N,NAL ,GEOGRAPHIC3 ,SCI;E & ,SPACE3
  ,SATURN _+HTTP://SCIENCE._&
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  SPACE/SOLAR-SYSTEM/SATURN-ARTICLE._&
  HTML_:
-----------------------------------#HE
             ,ACTIV;Y #9
     ,,URANUS--,! ,TILT$ ,PLANET

  .,OBJECTIVE3 ,LE>N AB ! 9T]E/+
F1TURES & "*I/ICS (! PLANET ,URANUS &
BUILD A MODEL (! PLANET4
  .,VOCABUL>Y3 ,EPSILON R+1 GAS GIANT1
ICE GIANT1 ,JOVIAN PLANET1 RETROGRADE
ROT,N1 R+ SY/EM1 %EPH]D MOONS1 ,URANUS
  .,MAT]IALS3 ,S5SE ( ,SCI;E3
,A/RONOMY MAT]IALS3

,QK ,FACT ,C>D3 ,,URANUS
,RELATIVE ,SIZES (! ,PLANETS ,OV]LAY
,PLANET>Y ,ORBITS ,OV]LAY
,\R ,SOL> ,SY/EM ,4PLAY           A#HE
,RELATIVE ,4T.ES (! ,PLANETS ,4PLAY
,PLANET ,FACT ,"W%EET @(,,WS-#1@)
-----------------------------------#HF
  ,MAT]IALS = BUILD+ PLANET MODEL3

(1) #2-1_/2'' ,/YROFOAM^T BALL
,ACRYLIC PA9T (BLUE-GRE5)
,PR9T AND_/OR BRL LABEL ( 8,URANUS0
  A6IX$ 6A TOO?PICK

  ,O!R ,MAT]IALS (FOR ,EXT5.N
,ACTIVITIES)_3

(1) ,/YROFOAM^T BALL (AB #2-9*ES 9
  DIAMET])
(1) P5CIL ) ERAS] 5D
,GRAPHIC >T TAPE--BLACK (AVAILA# F
  ,,APH)
,ACRYLIC PA9T (ANY COLOR T 3TRA/S AG/
  BLACK)
,AN ORANGE

  .,PROC$URE3 ,REVIEW UNIQUE F1TURES (
,URANUS )! CLASS4 ,ASK /UD5TS      #II
6%>E :AT !Y MI<T ALR "K AB ?      A#HF
PLANET4
  ,"S F1TURES & "*I/ICS ( ,URANUS
9CLUDE3

,SEV5? PLANET F ! ,SUN4
,"O (! GAS GIANTS (,JOVIAN PLANETS),
  AL;G ) ,SATURN1 ,JUPIT]1 & ,NEPTUNE4
,3SID]$ AN ICE GIANT 2C (! PRES;E (
  ICE & FROZ5 GASES4
,LACKS A SOLID SURFACE4
-----------------------------------#HG
,XS ATMOSPH]E IS -POS$ MO/LY ( HYDROG5
  & HELIUM4
,XS BLUE-GRE5 COLOR IS ! RESULT (
  ME?ANE 9 XS ATMOSPH]E4
,XS ROT,N AXIS IS NE>LY P>ALLEL ) XS
  PLANE ( ORBIT1 APPE>+ TIPP$ OV] -P>$
  6O!R PLANETS' ORI5T,N4
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,HAS A /R;G MAGNETIC FIELD4
,XS #11 R+S >E D>K & N>R[4
,HAS AT L1/ #27 MOONS4
,F/ PLANET 4COV]$ 9 MOD]N "TS4

  ,MAKE A MODEL (! PLANET         A#HG
,URANUS 0US+ A #2-1_/2'' ,/YROFOAM^T
BALL & PA9T+ X BLUE-GRE54 ,A6IX A PR9T
AND_/OR BRL LABEL ( 8,URANUS0 6A
TOO?PICK & 9S]T X 96! MODEL4 ,MAKE AT
L1/ "O MODEL ( ,URANUS T C 2 US$
6EV5TU,Y BUILD AN 5TIRE ,SOL> ,SY/EM
=A CLASSROOM 4PLAY4 ,IF 5 MAT]IALS >E
AVAILA#1 EA* /UD5T (OR PAIRS ( /UD5TS)
C BUILD A MODEL ( ,URANUS4
      ,'@(,3/RUCT$ MODEL ( ,URANUS IS
    %[N 9 ! PR9T GUIDEBOOK4@),'
-----------------------------------#HH
  .,EXT5.N .,ACTIVITIES3 ,4CUSS !
POSSI# CAUSE = ,URANUS'S UNIQUE
ORI5T,N4 @(,A/RONOM]S ?9K ,URANUS
COLLID$ ) ANO!R PLANET-SIZE BODY AT "S
PO9T 9 ! PA/ & 0 KNOCK$ ON XS SIDE4@)
  ,RESE>* ! AXIS TILT ( O!R PLANETS4
,H[ DOES ,URANUS'S -P>E8 @(,:ILE MO/
PLANETS' AXES TILT LESS ?AN #30
DEGREES1 ,URANUS'S AXIS TILTS #98
DEGREES (OR #82 DEGREES IF TAK5 6BE
RETROGRADE)_4 ,Z A RESULT1 ,URANUS'S
POLES RCV M SUNLI<T DUR+ !        #AJA
PLANET'S YE> ?AN XS EQUATOR4      A#HH
,UNLIKE O!R PLANETS' EQUATORS1
,URANUS'S EQUATOR EXT5DS TOP 6BOTTOM
9/1D ( SIDE 6SIDE4 ,EA* POLE EXP]I;ES
#42 YE>S ( 3T9U\S SUNLI<T & #42 YE>S (
3T9U\S D>K;S4@)
  ,H /UD5TS RESE>* & 4CUSS ! R+ SY/EM
( ,URANUS4 ,! #11 R+S ( ,URANUS >E
-POS$ ( ICY B\LD]S & L>GE AM.TS ( DU/4
,! R+S >E V FA9T & D>K Z -P>$
6,SATURN'S4 ,TWO %EPH]D MOONS1
,CORDELIA & ,OPHELIA1 KEEP ,URANUS'S
\T]MO/ R+ (THE ,EPSILON R+) F 4P]S+
96SPACE4 ,! ,EPSILON R+ IS ! B"RE/ (
,URANUS'S R+S4 ,! R+S ( ,URANUS >E
P]P5DICUL> 6! PLANET'S ORBITAL PA? >.D
! ,SUN4
  ,-P>E ,URANUS'S DIREC;N ( ROT,N 6T (
,E>? & ,V5US3
-----------------------------------#HI
  .,T1*] .PREP>,N3 ,US+ A ,/YROFOAM^T
BALL (AB #2-9*ES 9 DIAMET]), MAKE A
MODEL (A PLANET4 ,PA9T ! BALL A COLOR
T 3TRA/S AG/ BLACK4 ,WRAP A /RIP (
BLACK GRAPHIC >T TAPE >.D ! BALL
6REPRES5T ! EQUATOR4 ,!N 9S]T A   A#HI
P5CIL 96! ,/YROFOAM^T BALL 9 A DIREC;N
P]P5DICUL> 6! EQUATOR2 ! ERAS] 5D W
REPRES5T ! ,NOR? ,POLE4 ,ASK ! /UD5T
6MODEL ! ROT,N ( EA* (! ?REE PLANETS Z
!Y ORBIT ! ,SUN (AN ORANGE)_4

,E>?3 ,HOLD ! PO9T (! P5CIL AG/ ! TA#
  )! ERAS] PO9T+ ,NOR? (UPW>D), B
  SLI<TLY TILT$ 6! LEFT R\<LY #23
  DEGREES4 ,!N ROTATE ! PLANET >.D XS
  [N AXIS 9 A .C.T]CLOCKWISE MO;N Z X
  ORBITS ! ,SUN4
,V5US3 ,HOLD+ ! P5CIL P]P5DICUL> 6!
  TA# TOP1 ROTATE ! PLANET >.D XS [N
  AXIS 9 A .CLOCKWISE MO;N Z X ORBITS
  ! ,SUN4 ,EXPLA9 T ? CLOCKWISE MO;N
  IS OPPOSITE (RETROGRADE1 OR
  EA/-TO-WE/ DIREC;N) 6T ( ,E>? & O!R
  PLANETS1 EXCEPT ,URANUS4
,URANUS3 ,TILT ! PLANET S T ! P5CIL IS
  NE>LY P>ALLEL )! TA# TOP &! EQUATOR
  IS P]P5DICUL> 6! TA# TOP4 ,!N ROLL !
  PLANET OV] & OV] Z X ORBITS ! ,SUN4
  ,L ,V5US1 ,URANUS HAS A         #AJC
  RETROGRADE ROT,N4               B#HI
-----------------------------------#IJ
  .,MA? .,3NEC;N3 ,CALCULATE YR WEI<T
ON ! PLANET ,URANUS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF Y
WEI< #100 P.DS ON ,E>?1 Y WD WEI< AB
#90 P.DS IF Y CD /& ON ,URANUS4
  ,H /UD5TS CR1TE MA? PRO#MS T -P>E
,URANUS 6,E>? OR 6O!R PLANETS4 ,=
EXAMPLE3

,H[ M* L>G] IS ,URANUS' DIAMET] ?AN
    ,E>?'S8
  #31,763 MILES (51,118 KILOMET]S)
    -#7,926 MILES (12,756 KILOMET]S)
    .K =
  @(,URANUS'S DIAMET] IS OV] F\R "TS T
    ( ,E>?4@)
,H[ DOES ,E>?'S AV]AGE 4T.E F ! ,SUN
    -P>E 6,URANUS'S8
  #1.8 BILLION MILES
    (2.9 BILLION KILOMET]S)
    -#93 MILLION MILES
    (150 MILLION KILOMET]S)
    .K =
  @(,E>? IS #1 ,,AU F ! ,SUN4 ,URANUS
    IS AB #20 ,,AU F ! ,SUN &     A#IJ
    IS "!=E #20 "TS F>!R F ! ,SUN ?AN
    ,E>?4@)
,IF Y LIV$ ON ,URANUS = "O ( XS YE>S1
    H[ _M ,E>? "DS WD Y H SP5T8
  #1 YE> ON ,URANUS .K #84 ,E>? YE>S
      .,ANSW]3 ,OV] #30,000 "DS6
-----------------------------------#IA

  ,MAKE A PIE *>T ILLU/RAT+ ! 3T5T (
,URANUS' ATMOSPH]E3
      ,'@(,PR9T GUIDEBOOK %[S A PIE
    *>T %[+ ,URANUS'S ATMOSPH]E3 #83@0
    HYDROG51 #15@0 HELIUM1 & #2@0
    ME?ANE4@),'
  .,LANGUAGE .,3NEC;N3 ,H ! /UD5TS
CR1TE A LI/ ( NICK"NS 6HELP !M REMEMB]
! F1TURES ( ,URANUS3 8,BLUE-,GRE5
,PLANET10 8,TIPP$ ,OV] ,PLANET10 8,!
,SIDEWAYS ,PLANET10 8,NEPTUNE'S ,ICY
,TW910 8,! ,ROLL+ ,PLANET10 8,EXTREME
,S1SON ,PLANET10 ETC4
-----------------------------------#IB
  ,4CUSS ! ORIG9S (! PLANET'S "N4
,ORIG9,Y ! PLANET 0 "ND           #AJE
,GEORGIUM ,SIDUS (M1N+            A#IB
,GEORGIAN ,PLANET) 0XS 4COV]] ,WILLIAM
,H]S*EL 9 HONOR ( ,5GL&'S ,K+ ,GEORGE
,,III4 ,X 0 "S"TS CALL$ 8,H]S*EL10 B 0
EV5TU,Y "ND AF CLASSICAL MY?OLOGY L
O!R PLANETS4 ,URANUS 0 GOD (! H1V5S 9
,GREEK MY?OLOGY4
  ,URANUS'S MOONS >E "ND AF "*S 9 !
/ORIES ( ,WILLIAM ,%AKESPE>E & ,ALEX&]
,POPE4 ,RESE>* ! "NS ( "S ( ^! MOONS
@(,MIR&A1 ,>IEL1 ,UMBRIEL1 ,TITANIA1 &
,OB]ON@)_4 ,=A -PLETE LI/ ( ,URANUS'S
MOONS & :5 !Y 7 4COV]$1 VISIT
_+HTTP://WWW.SPACETODAY.ORG/_SOL_&
_SYS/_URANUS/_URANUS_MOONS.HTML_:
  ,H /UD5TS CR1TE _! [N FACT C>DS OR
FACT BOOKS AB ,URANUS4
  ,ASK EA* /UD5T 6-PLETE A ,PLANET
,FACT ,"W%EET = ,URANUS4
  .,VISUAL .,ADAPT,N3 ,REVIEW
,URANUS'S RELATIVE 4T.E F ! ,SUN US+ !
,RELATIVE ,4T.ES (! ,PLANETS ,4PLAY4
  ,REVIEW ,URANUS'S RELATIVE SIZE -P>$
6O!R PLANETS US+ ! ,RELATIVE ,SIZES (!
,PLANETS ,OV]LAY4
  ,DRAW A TACTILE IMAGE (          #IC
,URANUS'S SYMBOL US+ ,WIKKI,/IX^R1
,DRAFTSMAN1 OR ,PICTURE ,MAK]4
      ,'@(,PR9T IMAGE ( ,URANUS'S
    SYMBOL IS %[N 9 ! PR9T GUIDEBOOK3
    ,AN OP5 CIRCLE )A DOT 9 XS C5T] &
    AN ATTA*$ >R[ PO9T+ /RAI<T UP F !
    TOP4@),'
  ,USE ,\R ,SOL> ,SY/EM ,4PLAY &!
,PLANET>Y ,ORBITS ,OV]LAY 6REVIEW !
ORBITAL PATT]N ( ,URANUS 9 REL,N%IP 6!
,SUN & O!R PLANETS4
  .,SCI;E .,TIDBIT3 ,URANUS 0 4COV]$
0A3ID5T 0,WILLIAM ,H]S*EL 9 #1781_4 ,X
0 ! F/ PLANET 4COV]$ )! AID (A
TELESCOPE4
  ,URANUS 0 F/ VISIT$ 9 #1986 0!
,,NASA SPACECRAFT1 .,VOYAG] .#B_4
  ,VISIT ! FOLL[+ ,WEBSITES = M 9=M,N
AB ,URANUS3

,,NASA ,SOL> ,SY/EM ,EXPLOR,N3 ,URANUS
  _+HTTP://SOLARSYSTEM.NASA.GOV/_&
  PLANETS/PROFILE.CFM?_OBJECT=_&
  _URANUS_:                       #AJG
,F>AWAY ,MY/]Y ,PLANET ,URANUS    A#IC
  _+HTTP://WWW.SPACETODAY.ORG/_SOL_&
  _SYS/_URANUS/_URANUS.HTML_:
,PLANET ,URANUS
  _+HTTP://PLANETURANUS.NET/_:
_>SPACE._<COM_:3 ,ALL ,AB ,PLANET
  ,URANUS
  _+HTTP://WWW.SPACE.COM/URANUS/_:
-----------------------------------#ID
,N,NAL ,GEOGRAPHIC3 ,SCI;E & ,SPACE3
  ,URANUS _+HTTP://SCIENCE._&
  NATIONALGEOGRAPHIC.COM/SCIENCE/_&
  SPACE/SOLAR-SYSTEM/URANUS-ARTICLE._&
  HTML_:
_>SPACE._<COM_:3 ,VIRTUAL ,SPACE ,T\R
  _+HTTP://WWW.SPACE.COM/PHP/POPUP/_&
  VIRTUALSPACETOUR/NOAD__ASTROPEDIA._&
  PHP_:
@(,NOTE3 ,? SITE IS ESPECI,Y HELP;L =
  OBTA9+ AUDIO 9=M,N AB EA* PLANET4@)





             ,ACTIV;Y #10          #IE
    ,,NEPTUNE--,! ,\T]MO/ ,PLANET

  .,OBJECTIVE3 ,LE>N AB ! 9T]E/+
F1TURES & "*I/ICS (! PLANET ,NEPTUNE &
BUILD A MODEL (! PLANET4
  .,VOCABUL>Y3 ,APHELION1 E35TRIC
ORBIT1 ELLIPTICAL ORBIT1 GAS GIANT1
ICE GIANT1 ,JOVIAN PLANET1 ,NEPTUNE1
P]IHELION1 ,PLUTO1 R+ >CS1 R+ SY/EM1
%EPH]D MOONS
  .,MAT]IALS3 ,S5SE ( ,SCI;E3
,A/RONOMY MAT]IALS3

,QK ,FACT ,C>D3 ,,NEPTUNE
,RELATIVE ,SIZES (! ,PLANETS ,OV]LAY
,PLANET>Y ,ORBITS ,OV]LAY
,\R ,SOL> ,SY/EM ,4PLAY
,RELATIVE ,4T.ES (! ,PLANETS ,4PLAY
,PLANET ,FACT ,"W%EET @(,,WS-#1@)




                                  #AJI
  ,MAT]IALS = BUILD+ PLANET        #IF
MODEL3

(1) #2'' ,/YROFOAM^T BALL
,ACRYLIC PA9T (BLUE)
,PR9T AND_/OR BRL LABEL ( 8,NEPTUNE0
  A6IX$ 6A TOO?PICK

  ,O!R ,MAT]IALS (FOR ,EXT5.N
,ACTIVITIES)_3

,AVAILA# COLLAGE MAT]IALS1 DRAW+ BO>D1
  HULA HOOP1 TA# T5NIS BALL1 ETC41
  6BUILD REPRES5T,NS ( DI6]5T TYPES (
  ORBITS @(SEE 8,EXT5.N ,ACTIVITIES0
  SEC;N = SU7ES;NS@)

  .,PROC$URE3 ,REVIEW UNIQUE F1TURES (
,NEPTUNE )! CLASS4 ,ASK /UD5TS 6%>E
:AT !Y MI<T ALR "K AB ? PLANET4
  ,"S F1TURES & "*I/ICS ( ,NEPTUNE
9CLUDE3

,EI<? PLANET F ! ,SUN4
,HAS A SMALL C5TRAL CORE MADE ( UP
  MELT$ ROCK4                     A#IF
,X IS "O (! GAS GIANTS (,JOVIAN
  PLANETS)_4
,ME?ANE 9 XS ATMOSPH]E GIVES X A V
  BLUE APPE>.E--BLU] ?AN ,URANUS4
,X IS 3SID]$ AN ICE GIANT L ,URANUS4
,XS L>GE/ MOON IS ,TRITON4
,X IS SURR.D$ 0?ICK LAY]S ( RAPIDLY
  SWIRL+ CL\DS4
,X HAS ! /R;GE/ W9DS 9 ! ,SOL> ,SY/EM4
-----------------------------------#IG
,A L>GE /ORM CALL$ ! ,GRT ,D>K ,SPOT1
  F/ DETECT$ 9 #1989, HAS S9CE 4APPE>$
  F ,NEPTUNE'S ATMOSPH]E4
,_C 2 SE5 )\T A TELESCOPE4
,F/ PLANET LOCAT$ "? MA!MATICAL
  PREDIC;NS4

  ,MAKE A MODEL (! PLANET ,NEPTUNE
0US+ A #2-9* ,/YROFOAM^T BALL & PA9T+
X A DEEP BLUE--BLU] ?AN T US$ =! MODEL
( ,URANUS4 ,A6IX A PR9T AND_/OR BRL
LABEL ( 8,NEPTUNE0 6A TOO?PICK & 9S]T
X 96! MODEL4 ,MAKE AT L1/ "O MODEL (
,NEPTUNE T C 2 US$ 6EV5TU,Y       #AAA
BUILD AN 5TIRE ,SOL> ,SY/EM =A    A#IG
CLASSROOM 4PLAY4 ,IF 5 MAT]IALS >E
AVAILA#1 EA* /UD5T (OR PAIRS ( /UD5TS)
C BUILD A MODEL ( ,NEPTUNE4
      ,'@(,3/RUCT$ MODEL ( ,NEPTUNE IS
    %[N 9 ! PR9T GUIDEBOOK4@),'
  .,EXT5.N .,ACTIVITIES3 ,-P>E & 3TRA/
,NEPTUNE & ,URANUS4
-----------------------------------#IH
    ,SIMIL>ITIES3
,BO? >E SIMIL> 9 SIZE4
,BO? H A SIMIL> ATMOSPH]IC -POSI;N4
,BO? LACK A SOLID SURFACE4
,BO? >E ICE GIANTS4
,BO? H A ?9 R+ SY/EM4
,BO? ( _! MOONS >E MADE MO/LY ( ICE4

    ,DI6];ES3
,NEPTUNE EMITS H1T F XS 9T]IOR4
,NEPTUNE HAS /R;G] W9DS4
,NEPTUNE HAS FEW] MOONS4
,NEPTUNE'S AXIS TILT (ONLY
  #28-DEGREES) IS N Z EXTREME4
,NEPTUNE'S S1SONAL *ANGES >E N Z
  DRAMATIC4
                                  A#IH
  ,H /UD5TS RESE>* & 4CUSS ! PLANET>Y
R+ SY/EM ( ,NEPTUNE4 ,AT L1/ FIVE R+S
ORBIT >.D ,NEPTUNE Z 4COV]$ 0!
.,VOYAG] .#B PROBE 9 #1989_4 ,%EPH]D
MOONS H BE5 F.D ORBIT+ )9 ! PLANET'S
R+S2 _! GRAV;Y KEEPS ! R+S 9 PLACE4
,NEPTUNE'S \T]MO/ R+ ("ND 8,ADAMS0)
3TA9S PROM95T R+ >CS1 OR CRESC5T-%AP$
SEG;TS1 : >E B"R] & D5S] ?AN O!R "PS
(! R+4
  ,AB E #248 YE>S1 ! DW>F PLANET
,PLUTO MOVES 9SIDE ,NEPTUNE'S ORBIT =
APPROXIMATELY #20 YE>S4 ,:5 ,PLUTO 0
3SID]$ A PLANET1
-----------------------------------#II
X P]IODIC,Y SWAPP$ /ATUS ) ,NEPTUNE Z
8,! ,F>!/ ,PLANET F ! ,SUN40 ,-P>+ !
ORBITS ( ,NEPTUNE & ,PLUTO ALL[S A GD
-P>ISON 2T NE>LY REGUL> (OR CIRCUL>)
ORBITS 6E35TRIC OR ELLIPTICAL
(_8/RET*$ \0) ORBITS4 ,NOTE T :5 AN
OBJECT (E4G41 PLANET) IS 9 AN
ELLIPTICAL ORBIT >.D ANO!R L>G]
OBJECT1 ! L>G] OBJECT IS N AT !   #AAC
C5T] (! ELLIPSE4                  A#II
  ,! DI6];E 2T ,NEPTUNE'S 4T.E 6! ,SUN
AT .P]IHELION @(PLACE 9 PLANET'S ORBIT
": X IS CLOSE/ 6! ,SUN@) & .APHELION
@(PLACE 9 PLANET'S ORBIT ": X IS F>!/
F ! ,SUN@) IS SLI<T4 ,XS P]IHELION IS
#2.7 BILLION MILES (4.4 BILLION
KILOMET]S) & XS APHELION IS #2.8
BILLION MILES (4.5 BILLION
KILOMET]S)_4
  ,NE>LY CIRCUL> ORBIT (LIKE
,NEPTUNE'S)_3
      ,'@(,THE DIAGRAM %[N 9 ! PR9T
    GUIDEBOOK PRES5TS A NE>LY CIRCUL>
    ELLIPSE T SURR.DS ! ,SUN4 ,! ,SUN
    IS POSI;N$ SLI<TLY 6! "R )9 ! OP5
    >EA (! ELLIPSE4 ,! P]IHELION LABEL
    IS POSI;N$ NEXT 6A PO9T (REPRES5T+
    A PLANET) %[N ON ! "R SIDE (!
    ELLIPSE4 ,! APHELION LABEL IS
    POSI;N$ NEXT 6A PO9T (REPRES5T+ A
    PLANET) %[N ON ! LEFT SIDE (!
    ELLIPSE4@),'


  ,! DI6];E 2T ,PLUTO'S 4T.E 6!   #AJJ
,SUN AT .P]IHELION & .APHELION IS GRT
--#2.7 BILLION MILES (4.4 BILLION
KILOMET]S) V]SUS #4.6 MILLION MILES
(7.4 BILLION KILOMET]S), RESPECTIVELY4
  ,E35TRIC ORBIT (LIKE ,PLUTO'S)_3
      ,'@(,THE DIAGRAM %[N 9 ! PR9T
    GUIDEBOOK PRES5TS AN EL;GAT$
    ELLIPSE T SURR.DS ! ,SUN4 ,! ,SUN
    IS POSI;N$ SLI<TLY 6! "R )9 ! OP5
    >EA (! ELLIPSE4 ,! P]IHELION LABEL
    IS POSI;N$ NEXT 6A PO9T (REPRES5T+
    A PLANET) %[N ON ! "R SIDE (!
    ELLIPSE4 ,! APHELION LABEL IS
    POSI;N$ NEXT 6PO9T (REPRES5T+ A
    PLANET) %[N ON ! LEFT SIDE (!
    ELLIPSE4@),'
  ,H /UD5TS' DRAW OR 3/RUCT
TACTILE_/VISUAL REPRES5T,NS ( BO?
TYPES ( ORBITS4 ,POSSIBILITIES 9CLUDE
MODELS BUILT ) COLLAGE MAT]IALS (Y>N =
ORBIT1 BUTTONS = PLANETS1 ETC4),
,WIKKI,/IX^R PICTURES1 ! ,DRAFTSMAN1 &
O!R AVAILA# MAT]IALS4 ,A HULA HOOP C 2
US$ 6ASSESS A /UD5T'S K (!        #AAE
POSI;N (! ,SUN (AN ORANGE), !    A#AJJ
PLANET'S ORBIT (REPRES5T$ 0! HOOP XF),
! PLANET'S MOVE;T >.D ! ,SUN
(DEMON/RAT$ )A TA# T5NIS BALL MOV$ >.D
!
----------------------------------#AJA
HOOP 0! /UD5T), &! LOC,N (! P]IHELION
& APHELION (PR9T AND_/OR BRL LABELS
TAP$ 6! HOOP)_4
  .,MA? .,3NEC;N3 ,CALCULATE YR WEI<T
ON ! PLANET ,NEPTUNE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF Y
WEI< #100 P.DS ON ,E>?1 Y WD WEI< AB
#112 P.DS IF Y CD /& ON ,NEPTUNE4
  ,H /UD5TS CR1TE MA? PRO#MS T -P>E
,NEPTUNE 6,E>? OR 6O!R PLANETS4 ,=
EXAMPLE3

,H[ M* L>G] IS ,NEPTUNE'S DIAMET] ?AN
    ,E>?'S8
  #30,775 MILES (49,528 KILOMET]S)
    -#7,926 MILES (12,756 KILOMET]S)
    .K =
  @(,NEPTUNE'S DIAMET] IS ALM F\R "TS
    T ( ,E>?4@)
,H[ DOES ,E>?'S AV]AGE 4T.E F ! ,SUN
    -P>E 6,NEPTUNE'S8            A#AJA
  #2.8 BILLION MILES
    (4.5 BILLION KILOMET]S)
    -#93 MILLION MILES
    (150 MILLION KILOMET]S)
    .K =
  @(,NEPTUNE IS OV] #30 ,,AU F>!R F !
    ,SUN ?AN ,E>?6@)
,IF Y LIV$ ON ,NEPTUNE = "O ( XS YE>S1
    H[ _M ,E>? "DS WD Y H SP5T8
  #1 YE> ON ,NEPTUNE .K #165 ,E>? YE>S
      .,ANSW]3 ,OV] #60,000 "DS6
----------------------------------#AJB
,H[ DOES ,TRITON'S DIAMET] -P>E 6\R [N
  ,MOON'S DIAMET]8 @(,IT IS AB
  ?REE-QU>T]S ! SIZE ( \R ,MOON4@)

  .,LANGUAGE .,3NEC;N3 ,H ! /UD5TS
CR1TE A LI/ ( NICK"NS 6HELP !M REMEMB]
! F1TURES ( ,NEPTUNE3 8,URANUS'S ,ICY
,TW910 8,F>!/ ,PLANET10 8,=M] ,HOME (!
,GRT ,D>K ,SPOT10 8,! ,W9DY ,PLANET10
8,! ,SMALLE/ ,GAS ,GIANT10 8,PLUTO'S
,NEI<BOR10 ETC4
  ,4CUSS ! ORIG9S (! PLANET'S     #AAG
"N4 ,NEPTUNE IS "ND AF !         A#AJB
,ROMAN GOD (! SEA4
  ,H /UD5TS CR1TE _! [N FACT C>DS OR
FACT BOOKS AB ,NEPTUNE4
  ,ASK EA* /UD5T 6-PLETE A ,PLANET
,FACT ,"W%EET = ,NEPTUNE4
  .,VISUAL .,ADAPT,N3 ,REVIEW
,NEPTUNE'S RELATIVE 4T.E F ! ,SUN US+
! ,RELATIVE ,4T.ES (! ,PLANETS ,4PLAY4
  ,REVIEW ,NEPTUNE'S RELATIVE SIZE
-P>$ 6O!R PLANETS US+ ! ,RELATIVE
,SIZES (! ,PLANETS ,OV]LAY4
----------------------------------#AJC
  ,DRAW A TACTILE IMAGE ( ,NEPTUNE'S
SYMBOL US+ ,WIKKI,/IX^R1 ,DRAFTSMAN1
OR ,PICTURE ,MAK]4
      ,'@(,PR9T IMAGE ( ,NEPTUNE'S
    SYMBOL IS %[N 9 ! PR9T GUIDEBOOK3
    ,A ;,U-%APE ) UPW>D-PO9T+ >R[S AT
    EA* 5D4 ,ANO!R UPW>D-PO9T+ >R[
    EXT5DS "? ! MI4LE (! ;,U-%APE2 A
    %ORT HORIZONTAL L9E CROSSES ! 5D (
    ? >R['S %AFT4@),'
  ,USE ,\R ,SOL> ,SY/EM ,4PLAY &!
,PLANET>Y ,ORBITS ,OV]LAY 6REVIEW !
ORBITAL PATT]N ( ,NEPTUNE 9      A#AJC
REL,N%IP 6! ,SUN & O!R PLANETS4
  .,SCI;E .,TIDBIT3 ,TRITON1 "O (
,NEPTUNE'S MOONS1 IS ! ONLY MOON 9 !
,SOL> ,SY/EM T ORBITS XS PLANET 9 !
OPPOSITE DIREC;N F ! WAY ! PLANET XF
ROTATES4
  ,! .,VOYAG] .#B SPACECRAFT S5T BACK
PICTURES ( NITROG5 GEYS]S ERUPT+ ON
,TRITON'S SURFACE4
  ,9 #1994, ! .,HUB# .,SPACE
.,TELESCOPE REV1L$ T ! ,GRT ,D>K
,SPOT1 F/ OBS]V$ BY .,VOYAG] .#B 9
#1989, _H 4APPE>$4
  ,VISIT ! FOLL[+ ,WEBSITES = M 9=M,N
AB ,NEPTUNE3

,_W ,BOOK AT ,,NASA3 ,NEPTUNE
  _+HTTP://WWW.NASA.GOV/WORLDBOOK/_&
  NEPTUNE__WORLDBOOK.HTML_:
,,NASA ,SOL> ,SY/EM ,EXPLOR,N3
  ,NEPTUNE_+HTTP://SOLARSYSTEM._&
  NASA.GOV/PLANETS/PROFILE._&
  CFM?_OBJECT=_NEPTUNE_:
                                  #AAI
,SMI?SONIAN ,N,NAL ,AIR &         #AJD
  ,SPACE ,MUSEUM3 ,EXPLOR+ ! ,PLANETS3
  ,! ,R+S ( ,NEPTUNE
  _+HTTP://WWW.NASM.SI.EDU/_>CEPS/_&
  ETP/_<NEPTUNE/NEPT__RINGS.HTML_:
,N,NAL ,GEOGRAPHIC3 ,SCI;E & ,SPACE3
  ,NEPTUNE _+HTTP://SCIENCE._&
  NATIONALGEOGRAPHIC.COM/SCIENCE/_&
  SPACE/SOLAR-SYSTEM/NEPTUNE-_&
  ARTICLE.HTML_:
----------------------------------#AJE
             ,ACTIV;Y #11
      ,,PLUTO--,! ,DW>F ,PLANET

  .,OBJECTIVE3 ,LE>N AB ! 9T]E/+
F1TURES & "*I/ICS ( ,PLUTO & O!R DW>F
PLANETS4
  .,VOCABUL>Y3 ,C]ES1 ,*>ON1 DW>F
PLANET1 ,]IS1 ,HYDRA1 ,9T]N,NAL
,A/RONOMICAL ,UNION1 ,KUIP] ,BELT1
,NIX1 ,PLUTO1 PLUTOID1
TRANS-,NEPTUNIAN ,OBJECT
  .,MAT]IALS3 ,S5SE ( ,SCI;E3
,A/RONOMY MAT]IALS3

,QK ,FACT ,C>D3 ,,PLUTO          A#AJE
,\R ,SOL> ,SY/EM ,4PLAY
,RELATIVE ,4T.ES (! ,PLANETS ,4PLAY

  .,PROC$URE3 ,REVIEW UNIQUE F1TURES (
,PLUTO )! CLASS4 ,ASK /UD5TS 6%>E :AT
!Y MI<T ALR "K AB ? DW>F PLANET4
----------------------------------#AJF
  ,"S F1TURES & "*I/ICS ( ,PLUTO
9CLUDE3

,ONCE 3SID]$ ! N9? PLANET1 ,PLUTO 0
  RE-CLASSIFI$ Z A DW>F PLANET 9
  #2006_4
,X 0 4COV]$ 9 #1930 0,CLYDE ,TOMBAU<1
  AN ,AM]ICAN A/RONOM]4
,X IS LOCAT$ 9 ! ,KUIP] ,BELT1 2Y
  ,NEPTUNE4
,X TAKES #248 ,E>? YE>S 6G >.D ! ,SUN4
,X HAS A L;G ELLIPTICAL ORBIT4
,X HAS ?REE MOONS--,*>ON1 ,NIX1 &
  ,HYDRA4
,X IS MADE UP ( ICE & ROCK4
,XS SURFACE HAS A LAY] ( FROZ5 ME?ANE1
  NITROG51 & C>BON MONOXIDE4      #ABA
,X IS SURR.D$ 0A ?9 ATMOSPH]E4   A#AJF

  ,REVIEW ! DEF9I;N (A TRUE PLANET3

#1) ,X IS AN OBJECT T ORBITS ! ,SUN (A
  />)_4
#2) ,X IS L>GE 5 6=M A SPH]ICAL (R.D)
  %APE DUE 6! =CE ( XS [N GRAV;Y4
#3) ,X DOM9ATES ! NEI<BORHOOD >.D XS
  ORBIT4

  ,:Y DOES ,PLUTO .N QUALIFY Z A TRUE
PLANET8 @(,IT DOES N DOM9ATE XS
NEI<BORHOOD4 ,X FAILS 6CLE> XS ORBIT (
A/]OIDS1 -ETS1 & O!R DEBRIS Z X ORBITS
! ,SUN4@)
----------------------------------#AJG
  ,/AGE A DEBATE SES.N 2T TWO GR\PS (
/UD5TS AB :E!R ,PLUTO %D 2 CLASSIFI$ Z
A TRUE PLANET OR A DW>F PLANET4 ,"O
GR\P C PRET5D 6BE ! ,9T]N,NAL
,A/RONOMICAL ,UNION (,,IAU) :O D[NSIZ$
,PLUTO 6A DW>F PLANET4
  .,EXT5.N .,ACTIVITIES3 ,RESE>* ! "NS
& LOC,NS ( "S O!R DW>F PLANETS3
,C]ES LIES 2T ,M>S & ,JUPIT]4    A#AJG
,]IS ORBITS ! ,SUN ON ! \T] $GE (!
  ,SOL> ,SY/EM1 2Y ,NEPTUNE4 ,]IS &
  ,PLUTO >E EA* 3SID]$ A
  TRANS-,NEPTUNIAN ,OBJECT (,,TNO)_4

  ,:AT >E PLUTOIDS8 @(,DW>F PLANETS T
>E F>!R F ! ,SUN ?AN ,NEPTUNE4 ,"!=E1
,C]ES IS A DW>F PLANET1 B N A
PLUTOID4@)
  ,REVIEW ! LOC,N & 3T5T (! ,KUIP]
,BELT4 @(,IT IS A DISK-%AP$ REGION T
EXT5DS 2Y ,NEPTUNE & IS HOME ( MO/LY
ROCK-ICE OBJECTS1 : :5 4LODG$1 FALL
T[>DS ! ,SUN 2COM+ %ORT-P]IOD -ETS4@)
  ,LE>N M AB ! ,9T]N,NAL ,A/RONOMICAL
,UNION4 ,:O 2L;GS 6? GR\P8 @(,? GR\P
9CLUDES PROFES.NAL A/RONOM]S F ALL OV]
! _W4@) ,:AT DOES ? GR\P D8 @(,THE
,,IAU DEF9ES /&>DS = USE
----------------------------------#AJH
9 A/RONOMY & DET]M9ES "NS = OBJECTS 9
! ,SOL> ,SY/EM4@) ,= M 9=M,N1 VISIT
_+HTTP://WWW.IAU.ORG/ABOUT/_:
                                  #ABC
.,MA? .,3NEC;N3 ,H[ M* SMALL]    A#AJH
    IS ,PLUTO'S DIAMET] ?AN ,E>?'S8
  #7,926 MILES (12,756 KILOMET]S)
    -#1,429 MILES (2,300 KILOMET]S) 
    .K =
  @(,E>? IS AB FIVE & HALF "TS Z
    L>GE4@)
  @(,PLUTO IS SMALL] ?AN ! ,E>?'S
    ,MOON6@)

  ,RESE>* & -P>E ,PLUTO'S DIAMET] 6O!R
DW>F PLANETS4
77777777777777777777777777777777777777
,DW>F    ,DIAMET]  ,DIAMET]
,PLANET  (,MILES)  (,KILOMET]S)
"333333  "3333333  "33333333333
,]IS     #1,500    #2,400
,PLUTO   #1,429    #2,300
,C]ES    #597 """  #960
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  ,C]ES1 ! L>GE/ A/]OID1 IS N[
CLASSIFI$ Z A DW>F PLANET4 ,RESE>* !
FOLL[+3

,6: ,U4,S4 /ATE IS ,C]ES'S SIZE -P>A#8
  @(,TEXAS@) ,H[ DOES ? SIZE     B#AJH
  -P>E 6,E>?'S ,MOON8 @(,"O-QU>T] !
  ,MOON'S SIZE4@)
----------------------------------#AJI
,H[ L;G DOES X TAKE = ,C]ES 6ORBIT !
  ,SUN ONCE8 @(,ALM FIVE ,E>? YE>S4@)

  .,LANGUAGE .,3NEC;N3 ,H ! /UD5TS
CR1TE A LI/ ( NICK"NS 6HELP !M REMEMB]
! F1TURES ( ,PLUTO3 8,=M] ,N9?
,PLANET10 8,SN[BALL10 8,KUIP] ,BELT
,RESID5T10 8,DEMOT$ ,PLANET10 ETC4
  ,4CUSS ! ORIG9S ( ,PLUTO'S "N4
,PLUTO IS "ND AF ! ,ROMAN GOD (! "U_W
&! ,GREEK GOD ,HADES4
  ,H /UD5TS WRITE A NEWSPAP] >TICLE
ANN\NC+ ,PLUTO'S RE-CLASSIFIC,N Z A
DW>F PLANET4
  ,H /UD5TS CR1TE _! [N FACT C>DS OR
FACT BOOKS AB ,PLUTO4
  .,VISUAL .,ADAPT,N3 ,DRAW A TACTILE
IMAGE ( ,PLUTO'S SYMBOL US+
,WIKKI,/IX^R1 ,DRAFTSMAN1 OR ,PICTURE
,MAK]4
                                  #ABE
      ,'@(,PR9T IMAGE (          A#AJI
    ,PLUTO'S SYMBOL IS %[N 9 ! PR9T
    GUIDEBOOK3 ,A PR9T 8;,P_0 )A
    HORIZONTAL B> ATTA*$ 6! "R SIDE (
    XS BASE4@),'
  ,USE ,\R ,SOL> ,SY/EM ,4PLAY1 Z WELL
Z ! ,RELATIVE ,4T.ES (! ,PLANETS
,OV]LAY1 6APPROXIMATE ! G5]AL LOC,N (!
,PLUTO1 ,C]ES1 ,]IS1 &! ,KUIP] ,BELT4
----------------------------------#AAJ
  .,SCI;E .,TIDBIT3 ,! E35TRIC ORBIT (
,PLUTO "S"TS BR+S ,PLUTO CLOS] 6! ,SUN
?AN ,NEPTUNE E #20 YE>S \ ( XS
#248-YE> ORBIT4
  ,UNLIKE ,E>?'S ATMOSPH]IC
TEMP]ATURES1 ,PLUTO'S TEMP]ATURES
RISE1 9/1D ( DROP1 ) ALTITUDE4
  ,! SPACECRAFT .,NEW .,HORIZONS1
LAUN*$ 9 #2006, W FLY CLOSE 6,PLUTO &
XS ?REE MOONS 9 #2015_4 ,X W 2 ! F/
SPACECRAFT 6J\RNEY 96! ,KUIP] ,BELT
REGION4
  ,VISIT ! FOLL[+ ,WEBSITES = M 9=M,N
AB ,PLUTO3

,NEW ,HORIZONS3 ,,NASA,''S       A#AAJ
  ,PLUTO-,KUIP] ,BELT ,MIS.N
  _+HTTP://PLUTO.JHUAPL.EDU/_:
,N,NAL ,GEOGRAPHIC ,NEWS3 ,PLUTO ,N A
  ,PLANET1 ,A/RONOM]S ,RULE
  _+HTTP://NEWS.NATIONALGEOGRAPHIC._&
  COM/NEWS/2006/08/060824-PLUTO-_&
  PLANET.HTML_:
,,NASA3 ,SOL> ,SY/EM ,EXPLOR,N3 ,PLUTO
  _+HTTP://SOLARSYSTEM.JPL.NASA.GOV/_&
  PLANETS/PROFILE.CFM?_OBJECT=_&
  _PLUTO&_DISPLAY=_OVERVIEW_:
----------------------------------#AAA
             ,ACTIV;Y #12
            ,,E>?'S ,,MOON

  .,OBJECTIVE3 ,LE>N AB ! 9T]E/+
F1TURES & "*I/ICS ( ,E>?'S ,MOON1
"PICUL>LY XS V>I\S PHASES Z VIEW$ F
,E>?4
  .,VOCABUL>Y3 ,CRAT]1 CRESC5T MOON1
,E>?1 F/ QU>T] MOON1 FULL MOON1 GI2\S
MOON1 GRAV;Y1 LA/ (?IRD) QU>T] MOON1
M>IA1 ,MOON1 NEW MOON1 ORBIT1 PHASES1
,SUN1 WAN+1 WAX+                  #ABG
  .,MAT]IALS3 ,S5SE ( ,SCI;E3    A#AAA
,A/RONOMY MAT]IALS3

,PHASES (! ,MOON ,OV]LAY
,MOON ,PHASES (SMALL OV]LAY C>DS)
,QK ,FACT ,C>D3 ,,MOON

  ,MAT]IALS (FOR ,EXT5.N
,ACTIVITIES)_3

,PO/] BO>D
,BLACK CRAYON_/M>K]1 TEXTUR$ PAP]1 OR
  CRAFT FOAM
----------------------------------#AAB

  .,PROC$URE3 ,ASK /UD5TS :AT !Y MI<T
ALR "K AB ,E>?'S ,MOON4

,X IS ! ONLY NATURAL SATELLITE (!
  PLANET ,E>?4
,X IS AB "O-F\R? ! DIAMET] ( ,E>?4
,X HAS NO ATMOSPH]E4
,X HAS NO LI<T ( XS [N1 B REFLECTS !
  ,SUN'S LI<T4
,XS GRAV;Y CAUSES OC1N TIDES ON ,E>?4
,MO/ ( XS SURFACE IS COV]$ )     A#AAB
  M.TA9S & CRAT]S4
,X HAS A SMALL HOT CORE &A ?ICK
  MANTLE4
,X HAS BE5 WALK$ ON 0A/RONAUTS4
,X IS R\<LY ! SAME AGE Z ! ,E>?4
,HAS F> LESS GRAV;Y ?AN ,E>?4
,X IS VISI# F ,E>? DUR+ ! "D & NI<T4

  ,H /UD5TS RESE>* & 4CUSS ! LATE/
!ORY REG>D+ ! ORIG9S (! ,MOON4 @(,AC
6! 8,IMPACT ,!ORY10 ! ,MOON =M$ F !
DEBRIS CR1T$ :5 A "Y ,E>? 0 /RUCK
BILLIONS ( YE>S AGO 0ANO!R CELE/IAL
OBJECT ! SIZE ( ,M>S4@)
  ,4CUSS :Y ! SAME SIDE (! ,MOON ALW
FACES ! ,E>?4 @(,2C A "D ON ! ,MOON1
"O ROT,N1 IS ! SAME L5G? Z XS REVOLU;N
>.D ! ,E>?1 & 9 ! SAME DIREC;N4@)
----------------------------------#AAC
  ,:Y D VISI# PHASES (! ,MOON F ,E>?'S
P]SPECTIVE O3UR8 @(,IT TAKES ! ,MOON
AB #29.5 "DS1 A LL OV] F\R WEEKS1
6ORBIT ! ,E>?4 ,:5 ! ,MOON IS 2T !
,SUN &! ,E>?1 ! ,SUN ILLUM9ATES   #ABI
! F> SIDE1 MAK+ AN 9VISI# ,NEW   A#AAC
,MOON4 ,AB TWO WEEKS LAT]1 ! ,MOON IS
ON ! OPPOSITE SIDE (! ,E>? & X APPE>S
Z A ,FULL ,MOON4 ,! LUN> CYCLE IS AB
#29.5 "DS1 F ,NEW ,MOON 6,NEW ,MOON4@)
  ,REVIEW ! EI<T RECOGNIZ$ PHASES (!
,MOON3

.,NEW .,MOON1 AL CALL$ ! 8,D>K ,MOON10
  O3URS :5 ! ,MOON DOES N APPE>
  ILLUM9AT$ F ,E>?'S P]SPECTIVE4 ,!
  ,MOON IS N VISI# AT ? PHASE (EXCEPT
  DUR+ A SOL> ECLIPSE)_4
.,WAX+ .,CRESC5T IS ! PHASE :5 ! ,MOON
  APPE>S 6BE "PLY1 B LESS ?AN "O-HALF1
  ILLUM9AT$ 0! ,SUN4 ,! "P (! ,MOON'S
  DISK T IS ILLUM9AT$ IS GR[+4
.,F/ .,QU>T] .,MOON IS :5 "O-HALF (!
  ,MOON APPE>S 6BE ILLUM9AT$ 0! ,SUN4
  ,! ILLUM9AT$ "P (! ,MOON'S DISK
  3T9UES 69CR1SE4
.,WAX+ .,GI2\S IS ! PHASE :5 ! ,MOON
  APPE>S 6BE M ?AN "O-HALF ILLUM9AT$
  0! ,SUN4 ,! ILLUM9AT$ "P (! ,MOON'S
  DISK 3T9UES 69CR1SE4
.,FULL .,MOON IS ! PHASE :5 !     #AAD
  ,MOON APPE>S -PLETELY ILLUM9AT$ 0!
  ,SUN4 ,AT ? PO9T1 ! ,MOON HAS -PLET$
  "O-HALF (! LUN> CYCLE4
.,WAN+ .,GI2\S IS ! PHASE :5 ! ,MOON
  APPE>S 6BE M ?AN "O-HALF ILLUM9AT$
  0! ,SUN4 ,! ILLUM9AT$ "P (! ,MOON'S
  DISK IS DECR1S+4
.,LA/ .,QU>T] (OR .,?IRD .,QU>T])
  .,MOON IS ! PHASE :5 "O-HALF (!
  ,MOON APPE>S ILLUM9AT$ 0! ,SUN4
  ,H["E1 ! SIDE ILLUM9AT$ IS OPPOSITE
  T HALF ILLUM9AT$ DUR+ A ,F/ ,QU>T]
  ,MOON4
.,WAN+ .,CRESC5T IS ! PHASE :5 !
  ,MOON'S DISK APPE>S 6BE "PLY1 B LESS
  ?AN "O-HALF1 ILLUM9AT$ 0! ,SUN4 ,!
  LAM9AT$ "P (! ,MOON'S DISK 3T9UES
  6DECR1SE UNTIL X 2COMES A ,NEW ,MOON
  AG4

  .,EXT5.N .,ACTIVITIES3 ,H /UD5TS (IN
PAIRS OR Z A CLASS) KEEP A 8,MOON
,CAL5D>0 T ILLU/RATES *ANGES 9 !
,MOON'S APPE>.E OV] ! C\RSE (A    #ACA
MON?4 ,DRAW #29 \TL9E CIRCLES    A#AAD
ON A PO/] BO>D (IN R[S & COLUMNS
6MIMIC A CAL5D> LAY\T) & LABEL !
CIRCLES F 8,"D #1_0 TO 8,"D #29_40 ,ON
A DAILY BASIS1 %ADE ! CORRESPOND+ "D'S
CIRCLE 6ILLU/RATE ! POR;N (! ,MOON .N
LI<T$ 0! ,SUN4 ,IF OBS]V,N IS N POSSI#
DUE 6CL\DY
----------------------------------#AAE
3DI;NS1 L1VE ! CORRESPOND+ CIRCLE
BLANK4 ,H /UD5TS OBS]VE DEVELOP+
PATT]NS4 ,Z A REF];E1 VISIT ! FOLL[+
,WEBSITE = AN UP-TO-DATE CAL5D> (!
LATE/ MON?'S MOON PHASES3
_+HTTP://WWW.MOONCONNECTION.COM/_&
MOON__PHASES__CALENDAR.PHTML_:
  .,NOTE3 ,9/1D ( COLOR+ ! CIRCLES1
APPLY TEXTUR$ PAP] OR CUT CRAFT FOAM
%APES 6A3OMMODATE ! TACTILE R1D]4
,COLOR ! 9SIDE ( ALL ! CIRCLES YELL[
6PROVIDE VISUAL 3TRA/ AG/ BLACK %AD$
>1S =! L[ VI.N R1D]4
  .,MA? .,3NEC;N3 ,H /UD5TS RESE>*
BASIC 8,MOON0 FACTS 9VOLV+ NUMB]S4 ,=
EXAMPLE3
                                 A#AAE
,:AT IS ! DIAMET] (! ,MOON8 @(2,159
  MILES_/#3,476 KILOMET]S@)
,:AT IS ! ,MOON'S AV]AGE 4T.E F !
  ,E>?8 @(239,000 MILES_/#385,000
  KILOMET]S@)
,H[ L;G DOES X TAKE =! ,MOON 6ROTATE
  AB XS [N AXIS8 @(AB #27 "DS1 #7
  H\RS1 & #43 M9UTES@)
,H[ L;G DOES X TAKE =! ,MOON 6ORBIT !
  ,E>?8 @(AB #27 "DS1 #7 H\RS1 & #43
  M9UTES@)
,H[ HOT IS ! ,MOON'S SURFACE8
  @(TEMP]ATURES DUR+ ! "D C R1*
  #253^.* ;,F OR #123^.* ;,C@)
----------------------------------#AAF

  .,LANGUAGE .,3NEC;N3 ,H /UD5TS
RESE>* & WRITE A REPORT AB "O (!
FOLL[+ ,MOON MIS.NS1 & !N %>E ! 9=M,N
)! CLASS3

.,LUN> .,PROSPECTOR
.,APOLLO .,PROGRAM
.,LUN> .,ORBIT]                   #ACC
.,RANG]                          A#AAF
.,CLE;T9E

  ,! SMOO!/ "PS (! ,MOON >E CALL$
8S1S0 OR 8M>IA0 T 7 =M$ BILLIONS (
YE>S AGO :5 LAVA COV]$ OLD CRAT]S4 ,^!
D>K] PAT*ES >E FLAT1 DRY >1S (! ,MOON
& >E LESS -MON ON ! F> SIDE (! ,MOON4
,H /UD5TS RESE>* ! "NS ( "S ( ^!
WAT].S 8S1S03

,SEA ( ,RA9
,SEA ( ,MOI/URE
,SEA ( ,CL\DS
,SEA ( ,S]5;Y
,SEA ( ,CRISIS
,SEA ( ,TRANQUIL;Y
,SEA ( ,VAPOR
,SEA ( ,NECT>S
----------------------------------#AAG

  ,4CUSS ! M1N+ 2H "NS = C]TA9 TYPES (
MOONS3

  ,A 8,H>VE/ ,MOON0 APPE>S 9 ! ,NOR!RN
,HEMISPH]E DUR+ ! MON? (         A#AAG
,SEPTEMB] & CO9CIDES )! H>VE/+ (
CROPS4
  ,A 8,BLUE ,MOON0 IS A R>E O3URR;E :5
A FULL MOON RISES TWICE 9 ! SAME MON?4
,X HAPP5S AB E ?REE YE>S1 ?US !
FAMILI> SAY+ 8ONCE 9 A BLUE MOON40
  ,"! >E _M ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN "NS =
,FULL ,MOONS4 ,=A LI/ G TO
_+HTTP://WWW.MOONPHASES.INFO/FULL_&
__MOON__NAMES.HTML_:

  .,VISUAL .,ADAPT,N3 ,USE ! ,PHASES
(! ,MOON ,OV]LAY 6REVIEW H[ ! ,MOON
*ANGES APPE>.ES (FROM \R P]SPECTIVE) Z
X ORBITS ,E>?4 ,EMPHASIZE T HALF (!
,MOON'S SURFACE IS .ALW LIT 0! ,SUN1 B
OV] A C\RSE ( AB #30 "DS1 WE SEE1 F
,E>?'S P]SPECTIVE1 V>Y+ AM.TS (! ,MOON
Z X IS LIT 0! ,SUN4 ,9 ! OV]LAY1 !
POR;N (! ,MOON ILLUM9AT$ 0! ,SUN AT
EA* PHASE IS 9DICAT$ 0A DIMPL$
TEXTURE2 ! SMOO? TEXTURE REPRES5TS !
POR;N (! ,MOON .N VISI# F ,E>? AT EA*
PHASE4                            #ACE
  ,USE ! SMALL ,MOON ,PHASE       #AAH
,CARDS_/,OVERLAYS 6ASSESS ! /UD5T'S
"U/&+ (! MOON PHASES4 ,SEE .,APP5DIX
;,A = SU7E/$ ACTIVITIES4
  ,OBTA9 A CURR5T BRL_/PR9T ,,APH
,9,SI<TS ,CAL5D> T 9DICATES ! O3URR;ES
( ,FULL ,MOONS1 ,F/ ,QU>T] ,MOONS1
,LA/ ,MOONS1 & ,NEW ,MOONS "?\T ! YE>4
  .,SCI;E .,TIDBIT3 ,! ,MOON IS MOV+
SL[LY AWAY F ,E>? AT ! RATE ( "O &A
HALF 9*ES P] YE>4
  ,9 ! #1990S, ,,NASA,''S SPACE
PROBES1 .,LUN> .,PROSPECTOR &
.,CLE;T9E1 PROVID$ DATA 9DICAT+ T ICE
MI<T EXI/ AT ! ,MOON'S POLES4
  ,! ,MOON'S MAJOR CRAT]S >E "ND AF
A/RONOM]S S* Z ,COP]NICUS1 ,BRAHE1 &
,KEPL]4
  ,ON ,JULY #20, #1969, ,APOLLO #11
A/RONAUT ,NEIL ,>M/R;G 2CAME ! F/
P]SON 6WALK ON ! ,MOON4
  ,! 8F> SIDE0 (! ,MOON 0 F/ SE5 9
PHOTOS TAK5 9 #1959 0! ,SOVIET
SPACECRAFT .,LUNA .#3_4

  ,9 ,SEPTEMB] #2009, ! .,LUN>    #AAI
.,RECONNAISS.E .,ORBIT] F.D EVID;E (
HYDROG5 ON ! ,MOON1 P]H SU7E/+ T "! >E
HI45 /ORES ( WAT] XS TOP LAY]4
  ,VISIT ! FOLL[+ ,WEBSITES = M 9=M,N
AB ,E>?'S ,MOON3

,_W ,BOOK AT ,,NASA3 ,MOON
  _+HTTP://WWW.NASA.GOV/WORLDBOOK/_&
  MOON__WORLDBOOK.HTML_:
,LUN> ,SCI;E = ,KIDS3 ,MOON ,FACTS
  _+HTTP://LUNARSCIENCE.ARC.NASA._&
  GOV/KIDS/MOON__FACTS_:
,,NASA3 ,SOL> ,SY/EM ,EXPLOR,N3
  ,MIS.NS 6! ,MOON
  _+HTTP://SOLARSYSTEM.NASA.GOV/_&
  MISSIONS/PROFILE.CFM?_SORT=_&
  _TARGET&_TARGET=_MOON&_ERA=_PAST_:
------------------------------#ABJ-ABA
             ,ACTIV;Y #13
     ,,SOL> ,,& ,,LUN> ,,ECLIPSES

  .,OBJECTIVE3 ,LE>N AB TWO BASIC
TYPES ( ECLIPSES--SOL> & LUN>4
  .,VOCABUL>Y3 ,ANNUL> ECLIPSE1   #ACG
CORONA1 LUN> ECLIPSE1 MOON1      A#ABA
ORBIT1 "PIAL ECLIPSE1 PA? ( TOTAL;Y1
P5UMBRA1 SOL> ECLIPSE1 ,SUN1 TOTAL
ECLIPSE1 UMBRA
  .,MAT]IALS3 ,S5SE ( ,SCI;E3
,A/RONOMY MAT]IALS3

,SOL> ,ECLIPSE ,OV]LAY
,LUN> ,ECLIPSE ,OV]LAY
,CROSS-,SEC;N (! ,SUN ,OV]LAY

  ,OP;NAL ,MAT]IALS (FOR ,EXT5.N
,ACTIVITIES & ,MA? ,3NEC;N)_3

,FLA%LI<T
,T5NIS BALL
,TA# T5NIS BALL
,TACTILE_/PR9T ,UNIT$ ,/ATES MAP
,TACTILE _W GLOBE
----------------------------------#ABB
,GRAPHIC >T TAPE
,ICE CR1M C"O1 OR C"O-%AP$ PAP] CUP

  .,PROC$URE3 ,4CUSS ! V>I\S TYPES (
ECLIPSES3
                                 A#ABB
,TOTAL ,SOL> ,ECLIPSE--,O3URS :5 !
  ,NEW ,MOON PASSES DIRECTLY 2T ! ,SUN
  &! ,E>?1 5TIRELY BLOCK+ ! ,SUN'S
  LI<T & CA/+ A %AD[ T DIRECTLY T\*ES
  ! ,E>?'S SURFACE4
,"PIAL ,SOL> ,ECLIPSE--,O3URS :5 !
  ,MOON BLOCKS \ .ONLY .A ."P (!
  ,SUN'S LI<T &! ,MOON'S %AD[ PASSES
  OV] A REGION (! ,E>?'S SURFACE4
,ANNUL> ,SOL> ,ECLIPSE--,O3URS :5 !
  ,MOON IS MO/ 4TANT F ,E>? DUR+ XS
  ELLIPTICAL ORBIT2 X APPE>S SMALL] &
  _C COV] ALL (! ,SUN4 ,A R+ ( SUNLI<T
  C 2 SE5 >.D ! DISK (! ,MOON4
----------------------------------#ABC
,TOTAL ,LUN> ,ECLIPSE--,O3URS :5 !
  5TIRE ,MOON PASSES "? ! %AD[ (!
  ,E>?4 ,AT ? "T1 ! ,SUN & ,MOON >E ON
  OPPOSITE SIDES (! ,E>?1 & ALL ?REE
  >E 9 A /RAI<T L9E4 ,X IS EXP]I;ED
  0ALL OBS]V]S ON ! NI<T"T SIDE (
  ,E>?4 ,LUN> ECLIPSES ONLY O3UR :5 !
  ,MOON IS 9 ! ,FULL ,MOON /AGE4
,"PIAL ,LUN> ,ECLIPSE--,O3URS     #ACI
  :5 .ONLY .A ."P (! ,MOON       A#ABC
  PASSES 96,E>?'S %AD[4
      .,CAU;N3 ,9=M /UD5TS T P %D N"E
    LOOK DIRECTLY AT ! ,SUN DUR+ A
    SOL> ECLIPSE2 6D S C CAUSE SEV]E
    EYE DAMAGE AND_/OR VISUAL
    IMPAIR;T4 ,VIEW+ A LUN> ECLIPSE IS
    SAFE4
  ,US+ ! ,SOL> ,ECLIPSE ,OV]LAY1
ID5TIFY ! TWO "PS (! ,MOON'S %AD[4

.,UMBRA--,! ,MOON'S D>K 9N] %AD[4
  ,:]"E ! UMBRA FALLS ON ! ,E>?1 A
  TOTAL SOL> ECLIPSE IS EXP]I;ED4
.,P5UMBRA--,! FA9T \T] REGION ON EI
  SIDE (! ,MOON'S UMBRA4 ,:]"E !
  P5UMBRA FALLS ON ! ,E>?1 A "PIAL
  SOL> ECLIPSE IS EXP]I;ED4
----------------------------------#ABD

  ,EMPHASIZE T ! POSI;N (! ,MOON'S
%AD[ ON ,E>? *ANGES Z ! ,MOON MOVES AB
XS ORBIT4
  ,US+ ! ,LUN> ,ECLIPSE ,OV]LAY1
ID5TIFY ! TWO "PS ( ,E>?'S %AD[4
                                 A#ABD
.,UMBRA--,! REGION ": ! ,E>?'S %AD[
  BLOCKS ALL DIRECT SUNLI<T F R1*+ !
  ,MOON4
.,P5UMBRA--,! REGION ": ,E>?'S %AD[
  BLOCKS "P1 B N ALL (! ,SUN'S LI<T F
  R1*+ ! ,MOON4

  .,EXT5.N .,ACTIVITIES3 ,DEMON/RATE A
LUN> ECLIPSE & SOL> ECLIPSE US+ A
FLA%LI<T (6REPRES5T ! ,SUN), A T5NIS
BALL (6REPRES5T ,E>?), &A TA# T5NIS
BALL (6REPRES5T ! ,MOON)_4 ,POSI;N !
T5NIS BALL ON A TA# AB TWO FEET F !
TA#'S $GE4 ,!N POSI;N ! TA# T5NIS BALL
AB "O FOOT F ! TA#'S $GE1 2T ! ,E>? &!
,SUN4 ,H "O /UD5T %9E ! FLA%LI<T ON
,E>?1 Z ANO!R /UD5T MOVES ! ,MOON 9
ORBIT >.D ! ,E>?4 ,DUR+ ! ,MOON'S
ORBIT1 ID5TIFY :5 A LUN> ECLIPSE O3URS
& :5 A SOL> ECLIPSE O3URS4
  ,DUR+ A TOTAL SOL> ECLIPSE1 ! UMBRA
(! ,MOON'S %AD[ SWEEPS ACR ! ,E>?'S
SURFACE4 ,? TRACK (! ,MOON'S UMBRAL
%AD[ IS CALL$ ! .PA? .(           #ADA
.TOTAL;Y4 ,2C ? PA? ( TOTAL;Y    B#ABD
IS V N>R[ (LESS ?AN #200 MILES WIDE),
A TOTAL SOL> ECLIPSE IS A R>E EV5T Z
OBS]V$ F ANY "O SPOT ON ,E>?4 ,USE A
,UNIT$ ,/ATES TACTILE_/PR9T MAP TO
----------------------------------#ABE
APPROXIMATE ? 4T.E 2T ANY TWO *OS5
CITIES4 ,KEEP 9 M9D T 2C ! PA? (
TOTAL;Y FREQU5TLY TRAVELS ACR OP5 S1S
& REMOTE REGIONS (! _W1 ! *.E (
EXP]I5C+ A TOTAL SOL> ECLIPSE IS V
R>E4
  ,4CUSS :Y A LUN> ECLIPSE DOES N
HAPP5 E MON?4 @(,2C ! ,MOON'S ORBIT IS
TILT$ FIVE DEGREES1 ! ,MOON SP5DS MO/
(! "T EI ABV OR 2L ! PLANE ( ,E>?'S
ORBIT4@)
  .,MA? .,3NEC;N3 ,H /UD5TS RESE>* &
-PILE IMPORTANT NUMB] FACTS AB SOL> &
LUN> ECLIPSES4 ,= EXAMPLE3

,:AT IS ! MAXIMUM DUR,N (A TOTAL SOL>
  ECLIPSE8 @(7-?1/2# M9UTES1 B USU,Y
  LA/S AB #3 M9UTES@)
,:AT IS ! TYPICAL DUR,N (A TOTAL LUN>
  ECLIPSE8 @(1 H\R TO #1 H\R &   A#ABE
  #40 M9UTES@)
,H[ (T5 D LUN> ECLIPSES O3UR8 @(RANGE
  F #0 TO #3 "TS A YE>@)
,H[ (T5 D TOTAL SOL> ECLIPSES O3UR8
  @(,ONCE E "O 6TWO YE>S4 ,AL? R>E1 X
  IS POSSI# 6H TWO TOTAL SOL> ECLIPSES
  9 A S+LE YE>4@)

  ,4CUSS H[ X IS POSSI# T ! ,MOON1 :
IS F> SMALL] ?AN ! ,SUN1 IS A# 6HIDE !
,SUN F \R VIEW DUR+ A SOL> ECLIPSE4
@(,IT C COV] ! ,SUN 2C1 AL? X IS M*
SMALL] ?AN ! ,SUN1 X AL M*
----------------------------------#ABF
CLOS] 6,E>?4 ,! ,SUN IS AB #400 "TS
L>G] ?AN ! ,MOON1 B "S"TS DUR+ !
,MOON'S ORBIT1 ! ,MOON IS AB #400 "TS
CLOS] 6,E>?4 ,? CO9CID;E MAKES ! ,MOON
.APPE>1 F ,E>?'S VIEWPO9T1 AB ! SAME
SIZE Z ! ,SUN4
  ,SCI5TI/S C PREDICT ! LOC,N ( FUTURE
SOL> ECLIPSES4 ,2COME FAMILI> )
PREDICT$ SOL> ECLIPSES (AND TYPES)
0VISIT+ ,,NASA ,ECLIPSE ,WEB      #ADC
,SITE3 ,SOL> ,ECLIPSES3 ,PA/ &   A#ABF
,FUTURE AT _+HTTP://ECLIPSE.GSFC._&
NASA.GOV/SOLAR.HTML_:
  ,AT ? SAME ,WEBSITE1 SELECT A PA/
SOL> ECLIPSE & REVIEW XS *>T$ PA? ON !
,GOOGLE ,MAP L9K4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! 8PA? (
TOTAL;Y0 DUR+ ! TOTAL SOL> ECLIPSE (
,JULY #11, #1991 CROSS$ ,HAWAII1
,MEXICO1 ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA1 ,COLOMBIA1 &
,BRAZIL4 ,=! TACTILE R1D]1 PLOT XS PA?
0APPLY+ GRAPHIC >T TAPE ONTO A _W
GLOBE OR MAP4
  .,LANGUAGE .,3NEC;N3 ,H /UD5TS CR1TE
A LI/ ( SYNONYMS =! ^W .ECLIPSE1 S* Z
3C1L1 DIM1 D>K51 OBSCURE1 HIDE1 MASK1
COV]1 %ADE1 EXT+UI%1 ETC4
  .,VISUAL .,ADAPT,N3 ,:5 EXAM9+ !
,SOL> ,ECLIPSE & ,LUN> ,ECLIPSE
,OV]LAYS1 NOTE T SIZE & 4T.ES 2T !
,E>?1 ,SUN1 & ,MOON >E N 6SCALE4
,HI<LI<T TEXTURAL DI6];ES 2T ! UMBRA
(R\<1 C"O-%AP$
----------------------------------#ABG
>EA) & P5UMBRA (SMOO? TRIANGUL> >1S ON
EI SIDE (! UMBRA) REGIONS4
  ,DUR+ A TOTAL SOL> ECLIPSE1    A#ABG
PROM9;ES W "S"TS FL>E \ F >.D ! D>K5$
\TL9E (! ,SUN4 @(,USE ! ,CROSS-,SEC;N
(! ,SUN ,OV]LAY 6REVIEW ! LOC,N (&
LOOP+ %APE ( PROM9;ES4@)
  ,DEMON/RATE ! 8PA? ( TOTAL;Y0 3CEPT
9 ! FOLL[+ WAY3 ,PO9T ! N>R[ 5D ( AN
EMPTY ICE CR1M C"O T[>D A _W GLOBE4
,SL[LY SP9 ! GLOBE & "N AL\D ! C.TRIES
& OC1NS T ! 5D (! C"O (OR C"O-%AP$
PAP] CUP) IS PO9T+ TO4 ,? IMAG9>Y L9E
T ! TIP (! C"O TRAVELS REPRES5TS !
LOC,NS ON ,E>? F : P CD WIT;S A .TOTAL
.SOL> .ECLIPSE4 ,FLIP ! C"O >.D S T !
WIDE 5D PO9TS T[>D ! SP9N+ GLOBE4 ,!
WID] 5D (! C"O REPRES5TS ! P5UMBRA1 !
L>G] REGION (! ,MOON'S %AD[1 : FALLS
^U ! ,E>?'S SURFACE ALL[+ M P (A M*
L>G] AUDI;E) 6OBS]VE A ."PIAL .SOL>
.ECLIPSE4
  ,! ABIL;Y 6VIEW J A POR;N (A :OLE
IMAGE MI<T 2 DI6ICULT =A TACTILE R1D]
6"U/&4 ,DEMON/RATE ? 0CUTT+ TWO
CIRCLES (! SAME SIZE F 3TRA/+ TEXTUR$
PAP] ("O R\<1 "O SMOO?)           #ADE
6REPRES5T ! ,MOON &! ,SUN4       B#ABG
,POSI;N ! ,SUN SECURELY ON A TA# & !N
H ! /UD5T PLACE ! ,MOON DIRECTLY ON
TOP (! ,SUN 6REPRES5T A TOTAL SOL>
ECLIPSE4 ,ASK ! /UD5T 6SLIDE ! ,MOON
6"O
----------------------------------#ABH
SIDE 9 SMALL 9CRE;TS NOTIC+ T AN
9CR1S+ AM.T1 B A "PIAL AM.T1 (! ,SUN
IS T\*A#4 ,3T9UE 6SLIDE ! ,MOON UNTIL
ALL (! ,SUN C 2 T\*$4
  .,SCI;E .,TIDBIT3 ,L;G AGO1 2F X 0
"U/OOD :Y SOL> ECLIPSES O3URR$1 !
4APPE>.E (! ,SUN DUR+ ! "D"T CAUS$ M*
FE>4 ,"S P 2LIEV$ X 0 AN OM5 ( 4A/]
6-E4
  ,X IS EXPECT$ T 9 AB A BILLION YE>S1
! ,MOON W H DRIFT$ S F> F ,E>? T SOL>
ECLIPSES W NO L;G] O3UR4
  ,X IS ONLY DUR+ A TOTAL SOL> ECLIPSE
T ! ,SUN'S CORONA (\T] ATMOSPH]E) IS
VISI# F ,E>?4
  ,VISIT ! FOLL[+ ,WEBSITES = M 9=M,N
AB SOL> & LUN> .ECLIPSES3

,,NASA ,ECLIPSE ,WEB ,SITE       A#ABH
  _+HTTP://ECLIPSE.GSFC.NASA.GOV/_&
  ECLIPSE.HTML_:
,N,NAL ,GEOGRAPHIC3 ,SCI;E & ,SPACE3
  ,SOL> ,ECLIPSES _+HTTP://SCIENCE._&
  NATIONALGEOGRAPHIC.COM/SCIENCE/_&
  SPACE/SOLAR-SYSTEM/SOLAR-ECLIPSE-_&
  ARTICLE.HTML_:
----------------------------------#ABI
             ,ACTIV;Y #14
              ,,/>GAZ]S

  .,OBJECTIVE3 ,LE>N AB ! 9T]E/+
F1TURES ( />S 9CLUD+ _! CLASSIFIC,NS &
LIFE CYCLES4
  .,VOCABUL>Y3 ,B9>Y />1 BLACK HOLE1
BLUE GIANT1 BR[N DW>F1 D\# />1
,H]TZSPRUNG-,RUSSELL ,DIAGRAM1
LUM9OS;Y1 MA9 SEQU;E />1 ,MILKY ,WAY
,GALAXY1 NEBULA1 NEUTRON />1 NUCLE>
FU.N1 PULS>1 R$ DW>F1 R$ GIANT1 />1
SUP]GIANT1 SUP]NOVA1 ,UNIV]SE1 V>IA#
/>1 :ITE DW>F1 YELL[ DW>F
  .,MAT]IALS3 ,S5SE ( ,SCI;E3
,A/RONOMY MAT]IALS3               #ADG
                                 A#ABI
,NOR!RN ,CIRCUMPOL> ,DOME ,4PLAY

  ,OP;NAL ,MAT]IALS (FOR ,EXT5.N
,ACTIVITIES & ,MA? ,3NEC;N)_3

,DI6]5T COLORS & TEXTURES ( PAP]S1
  PO/]BO>D1 & LABEL+ MAT]IAL 6BUILD A
  CLASSROOM 4PLAY (!
  ,H]TZSPRUNG-,RUSSELL ,DIAGRAM
----------------------------------#ACJ

  .,PROC$URE3 ,ASK /UD5TS :AT !Y ALR
"K AB />S4

,"! >E BILLIONS ( />S 9 \R ,MILKY ,WAY
  ,GALAXY4 ,"! >E BILLIONS ( GALAXIES
  9 ! ,UNIV]SE4 ,"! >E BILLIONS ^U
  BILLIONS ( COLOR;L />S ( ALL SIZES &
  AGES 9 ! ,UNIV]SE4
,/>S >E MO/LY -POS$ ( HYDROG51 "S
  HELIUM1 & TRACES ( O!R ELE;TS4
,/>S -E 9 _M DI6]5T SIZES4
,/>S -E 9 _M DI6]5T COLORS4
,/>S SEEM 6TW9KLE :5 _! LI<T PASSES "?
  ,E>?'S %IFT+ ATMOSPH]E4        A#ACJ
,/>S' 5]GY -ES F NUCLE> FU.N Z HYDROG5
  IS 3V]T$ 6HELIUM4
,/>S C 2 DESCRIB$ 0_! B"R;S1 COLOR1
  SURFACE TEMP]ATURE1 SIZE1 & MASS4

  ,EXPLA9 T A />'S COLOR DEP5DS ON XS
TEMP]ATURE4 ,R$ />S H ! COOLE/
TEMP]ATURES1 YELL[ />S H M$IUM-RANGE
TEMP]ATURES1 & BLUE />S >E ! HOTTE/4
  ,A />'S MASS 9DICATES XS LIFE SPAN4
,9 G5]AL '''

,BIG (MASSIVE) />S H %ORT LIVES & BURN
  NO M ?AN #10 MILLION YE>S4
,M$IUM-SIZ$ />S (LIKE \R ,SUN) LA/ =
  AB #10 BILLION YE>S4







                                  #ADI
,SMALL />S GL[ FA9TLY & L;G]      #ACA
  ?AN L>G] />S--P]H Z L;G Z A TRILLION
  YE>S4

  ,4CUSS SPECIFIC TYPES ( />S3

.,MA9 .,SEQU;E .,/>--,MO/ />S )9 \R
  GALAXY1 9CLUD+ \R ,SUN1 >E CURR5TLY
  MA9 SEQU;E />S Z CLASSIFI$ ON !
  ,H]TZSPRUNG-,RUSSELL ,DIAGRAM4 ,!Y
  V>Y 9 SIZE1 MASS1 B"R;S1 TEMP]ATURE1
  & SLI<TLY DI6]5T -POSI;N1 YET ALL >E
  3V]T+ HYDROG5 6HELIUM & ?US >E
  REL1S+ L>GE AM.TS ( 5]GY4
.,YELL[ .,DW>FS--,^! "Y />S >E SMALL1
  MA9 SEQU;E />S ) M$IUM TEMP]ATURES4
  ,\R ,SUN IS AN EXAMPLE4 ,NE> ! 5D (
  _! LIVES !Y W 2COME V L>GE1 B %R9K
  AG L1V+ 2H A CL\D ( GAS CALL$ A
  .PLANET>Y .NEBULA4
----------------------------------#ACB
.,R$ .,DW>FS--,^! />S >E V SMALL MA9
  SEQU;E />S ) COOL] SURFACE
  TEMP]ATURES4 ,MO/ />S 9 ! ,UNIV]SE
  >E ( ? TYPE4 ,!Y BURN _! FUEL V
  SL[LY & SURVIVE L;G] ?AN ANY   A#ACB
  O!R K9D ( />4
.,R$ .,GIANTS--,^! RELATIVELY OLD />S
  C 2 #100 "TS L>G] ?AN _! ORIG9AL
  SIZE Z MA9 SEQU;E />S4 ,A R$ GIANT
  =MS DUR+ ! LAT] /AGES (A />'S
  EVOLU;N Z X RUNS L[ ON HYDROG54 ,!
  L>GE/ R$ GIANTS >E CALL$ .R$
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  L>G] ?AN ! ,SUN4
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  />S4 ,^! R>E />S LIVE A RELATIVELY
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  PULL F : NO?+1 9CLUD+ LI<T1 C
  ESCAPE)_4
----------------------------------#ACC
.,:ITE .,DW>FS--,^! >E V SMALL1 D5SE1
  & EXTREMELY HOT />S T >E AB ! SIZE (
  \R ,E>? &) R\<LY ! MASS (! ,SUN4 ,!Y
  W EV5TU,Y LOSE H1T & 2COME      #AEA
  COLD .BLACK .DW>FS4            A#ACC
.,BR[N .,DW>FS--,/>S ^: MASS IS TOO
  SMALL 6H NUCLE> FU.N4 ,!Y >E AL
  CALL$ 8FAIL$ />S40 ,!Y EMIT NO LI<T
  OR H1T4
.,NEUTRON .,/>S--,^! V SMALL & D5SE
  />S >E -POS$ ( PACK$ NEUTRONS4
  ,NEUTRON />S C RESULT F SUP]NOVA
  EXPLO.NS4
.,PULS>S--,NEUTRON />S T >E SP9N+ V
  RAPIDLY4
.,D\# .,/>--,TWO />S T APPE> CLOSE 6"O
  ANO!R 9 ! SKY4
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.,V>IA# .,/>--,A /> T *ANGES 9 B"R;S4
----------------------------------#ACD
  .,EXT5.N .,ACTIVITIES3 ,CR1TE A
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  AND_/OR POTATO
,BLUE1 R$1 & YELL[ GLITT] OR SMALL
  COLOR$ B1DS

  .,PROC$URE3 ,ASK /UD5TS :AT    A#AEB
!Y MI<T ALR "K AB GALAXIES4
,GALAXIES >E HUGE COLLEC;NS ( />S1
  GAS1 & DU/ T >E HELD TGR 0GRAV;Y4
,GALAXIES V>Y 9 APPE>.E1 SIZE1 & %APE4
  ,NO TWO GALAXIES >E EXACTLY ALIKE4
,GALAXIES >E N SPR1D EV5LY "?\T !
  ,UNIV]SE4
,GALAXIES MOVE "? SPACE AT 9CR$I#
  SPE$S4
,X IS UN"KN EXACTLY H[ _M GALAXIES >E
  9 ! ,UNIV]SE1 B A/RONOM]S 2LIEVE "!
  >E BILLIONS4
,GALAXIES GA!R 9 CLU/]S OR GR\PS4










                                  #AGC
  ,REVIEW ! ?REE MAJOR            #AEC
CLASSIFIC,NS ( GALAXIES3
      ,',COLUMNS FOLL[ "O ANO!R 9 ?
    ORD]3 ,GALAXY ,TYPE3 ,DESCRIP;N4,'

.,SPIRAL .,GALAXIES3 ,H A C5TRAL BULGE
  ) TWO OR M >MS OR DU/ R+S W9D+ >.D A
  B"R C5T]4 ,SPIRAL GALAXIES H A
  MIXTURE ( BLUE1 :ITE1 YELL[1 & R$
  />S4 ,! C5TRAL BULGE 3TA9S OLD]1 R$
  />S &! >MS 3TA9 NEW]1 BLUE />S4
  ,M$IUM-AG$ (YELL[) />S >E F.D "?\T !
  >EA SURR.D+ ! BULGE (THE .DISK)_4
.,SPIRAL .,GALAXIES3 .,B>R$ .,SPIRALS
  --,A SUBGR\P ( SPIRAL GALAXIES T H A
  B>-%AP$ C5TRAL >EA )A SPIRAL >M
  EXT5D+ F EA* 5D4
.,ELLIPTICAL .,GALAXIES3 ,ENORM\S
  SPH]ES OR EL;GAT$ SPH]ES ( />S4 ,!Y
  DON'T H >MS L A SPIRAL GALAXY4 ,!Y
  3TA9 MO/LY OLD1 R$ />S & H LL OR NO
  GAS OR DU/4 ,! L>GE/ GALAXIES >E
  ELLIPTICAL & 3TA9 Z _M Z A TRILLION
  />S4
.,IRREGUL> .,GALAXIES3 ,LACK A DEF9ITE
  %APE & T5D 6H V HOT1 NEW]      A#AEC
  />S MIX$ 9 )A LOT ( GAS & DU/4 ,!Y H
  A BLUE APPE>.E 2C (! PRES;E ( "Y1
  HOT />S4 ,!Y AL LACK A 4T9CT C5TRAL
  REGION & APPE> FLAT4
----------------------------------#AED
  .,EXT5.N .,ACTIVITIES3 ,H /UD5TS
LOCATE R1L OBJECTS 6REPRES5T EA*
GALAXY TYPE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 A TOY P9:EEL1
AN UNCURL$ C9NAMON ROLL1 OR FRI$ EGG C
DEMON/RATE ! %APE (A SPIRAL GALAXY4 ,A
FOOTBALL1 SO3] BALL1 AN 9FLAT$
BALLOON1 OR PLA/IC EGG C REPRES5T AN
ELLIPTICAL GALAXY4 ,A SCRUN*$ PIECE (
PAP]1 AN IRREGUL>-%AP$ POTATO1 OR AN
IRREGUL> \TL9E %APE MADE F
,WIKKI,/IX^R C REPRES5T AN IRREGUL>
GALAXY4
  ,/UD5TS C CR1TE MODELS ( V>I\S TYPES
( GALAXIES US+ PLAYD\<1 CLAY1 OR
,CRAYOLA^R ,MODEL ,MAGIC4 ,PROVIDE R$1
BLUE1 & YELL[ GLITT] OR B1DS T /UD5TS
C PRESS 96_! GALAXY MODELS 6REPRES5T
OLD (R$), NEW (BLUE), AND_/OR
M$IUM-AG$ (YELL[) /> =M,NS4 ,AF   #AGE
! MODELS H H>D5$1 R&OMLY PLACE   A#AED
! =M$ GALAXIES ON A 3TRA/+ BACKGR.D
(E4G41 BLACK PO/] BO>D) 6MAKE A .CLU/]
( GALAXIES4 ,/UD5TS C "N _! 9DIVIDUAL
GALAXIES &1 AF -B9+ !M1 "N ! CLU/]4
,EMPHASIZE T GALAXIES >E GR\P$ TGR 9
CLU/]S (FROM A FEW DOZ5 6S"EAL
THOUSAND) & EA* CLU/] C 3TA9 A MIXTURE
( GALAXY TYPES4 ,CLU/]S ( GALAXIES
-B9E 6=M .SUP]CLU/]S4 ,= EXAMPLE1 !
,-A ,CLU/]1 : 3TA9S ?\S&S ( GALAXIES1
IS ! C5T] (! ,-A ,SUP]CLU/]4
  ,GRAVIT,NAL =CES PULL GALAXIES TGR4
,TWO GALAXIES MI<T PASS EA* O!R OR
COLLIDE4 ,6DEMON/RATE H[ GALAXIES
*ANGE %APE :5 !Y COLLIDE1 SMA% TGR TWO
P]FECTLY R.D$ CLAY OR PLAYD\< BALLS4
----------------------------------#AEE
,AF !Y COLLIDE1 >E ! TWO ELLIPTICAL
8GALAXIES0 / P]FECTLY R.D8 ,DOES !
COLLI.N RESULT 9 A NEW %APE8
,EMPHASIZE T COLLID+ GALAXIES (T5 M]GE
62COME A BI7] GALAXY4 ,X IS USU,Y N !
/>S (! TWO COLLID+ GALAXIES T HIT EA*
O!R1 B R _! GAS CL\DS4 ,A ./>BUR/
.GALAXY RESULTS AF A COLLI.N     A#AEE
2T TWO GALAXIES & IS ! LOC,N ( />S =M+
AT A V HI< RATE4
  ,9 #1929, ,$W9 ,HUB# 4COV]$ T 4TANT
GALAXIES 7 TRAVEL+ AWAY F ,E>? AT
TREM5D\S SPE$S SU7E/+ T ! ,UNIV]SE IS
EXP&+4 ,4CUSS H[ 8 F9D+ 9FLU;ED !
PROPOSAL (! ,BIG ,BANG ,!ORY4 @(,?
!ORY SU7E/S T \R ,UNIV]SE & "EY?+ 9 X
=M$ AB #14 BILLION YE>S AGO F A S+LE
VIOL5T EXPLO.N4 ,! F/ ELE;TS 6=M 7
HYDROG5 & HELIUM4 ,! ,UNIV]SE KEPT
EXP&+ F T MO;T & 3T9UES 6GET BI7] TD4
,X IS UNC]TA9 :E!R ! SIZE (! ,UNIV]SE
IS F9ITE OR 9F9ITE4@)
  .,MA? .,3NEC;N3 ,H /UD5TS BUILD
(WITH OV]LAPP+ HULA HOOPS) OR SKET*
(ON A L>GE PO/] BO>D) A L>GE ,V5N
DIAGRAM %[+ ! /> POPUL,N ( EA* GALAXY
TYPE4 ,LABEL "O CIRCLE 8,MO/LY ,OLD
,/>S0 &! O!R CIRCLE 8,MO/LY ,NEW
,/>S40 ,DRAW OR PLACE GALAXY TYPES
(FORMED DUR+ ! ,EXT5.N ,ACTIVITIES) )9
EA* APPROPRIATE SEC;N (! ,V5N DIAGRAM4
                                  #AGG
                                  #AEF
,ELLIPTICAL ,GALAXIES3 ,MO/LY OLD]1
  DIMM] />S (R$)
,SPIRAL ,GALAXIES3 ,MIXTURE ( "Y & OLD
  />S (BLUE & R$)
,IRREGUL> ,GALAXIES3 ,LOTS ( "Y />S
  (BLUE)

  ,EXPLA9 ! M1N+ ( .LI<T-YE>4
,GALAXIES &! 4T.ES 2T !M >E HUGE4
,LI<T-YE>S >E US$ 6DESCRIBE 4T.ES 2T
/>S & GALAXIES4 ,A LI<T-YE> IS ! 4T.E
A B1M ( LI<T TRAVELS 9 A YE>--AB #6
TRILLION MILES (9.5 TRILLION
KILOMET]S)_4 ,LI<T TRAVELS AT #186,000
MILES P] SECOND (300,000 KILOMET]S P]
SECOND)_4 ,H /UD5TS RESE>* ! LI<T-YE>
4T.ES 2T V>I\S GALAXIES4 ,= EXAMPLE1
,&ROM$A ,GALAXY IS AB #2 MILLION
LI<T-YE>S AWAY F ! ,MILKY ,WAY4
  .,LANGUAGE .,3NEC;N3 ,GALAXIES H BE5
DESCRIB$ Z 8,ISL&S 9 ! ,UNIV]SE40 ,US+
? PHRASE1 H /UD5TS -POSE POEMS AB :AT
!Y "K AB GALAXIES4 ,EXAMPLE3

,ISL&S 9 ! ,UNIV]SE              A#AEF
,F ELLIPTICAL T
,LACK GAS & DU/
,6SPIRALS )
,W9D+ >MS--A M/
----------------------------------#AEG
,F IRREGUL>S T
,LACK %APE & LU/]
,6^? T =M
,_M A CLU/]
,GALAXIES >E 9DE$ DIV]SE6

  ,EA* NEW GALAXY 4COV]$ RCVS A NUMB]
& "S"TS A "N4 ,H /UD5TS RESE>* DI6]5T
"NS & ASSIGN$ NUMB]S 6GALAXIES1 & !N
ID5TIFY !M Z SPIRAL1 IRREGUL>1 OR
ELLIPTICAL4 ,"S EXAMPLES >E ! FOLL[+3

    ,SPIRAL ,GALAXIES3
,M"104_/,SOMBRERO ,GALAXY
,M"51_/,WHIRLPOOL ,GALAXY
,,NGC"253_/,SCULPTOR ,GALAXY
,M"63_/,SUNFLOWER ,GALAXY
,M"33_/,TRIANGULUM ,GALAXY
,M"101_/,PINWHEEL ,GALAXY         #AGI
,,UGC #10214_/,TADPOLE ,GALAXY   A#AEG

    ,B>R$ ,SPIRALS3
,,NGC #1300
,,NGC #1512
,,NGC #1672
----------------------------------#AEH
    ,IRREGUL> ,GALAXIES3
,,NGC #292 ,SMALL ,MAGELLANIC ,CL\D
  (IN ! ,LOCAL ,GR\P)
,L>GE ,MEGELLANIC ,CL\D (IN ! ,LOCAL
  ,GR\P)

    ,ELLIPTICAL ,GALAXIES3
,,NGC #4881 (IN ,-A ,CLU/])
,M"87 (IN ,VIRGO ,CLU/])

  .,VISUAL .,ADAPT,N3 ,USE ! ,GALAXY
,TYPE ,OV]LAYS 6FUR!R ASSESS ! /UD5TS'
ID5TIFIC,N ( GALAXY %APES4 ,US+ !
PROVID$ #4@*2 GRID TRAY1 R&OMLY PLACE
! F\R GALAXY IMAGES ACR ! UPP] R[4 ,!N
H ! /UD5T ID5TIFY EA* GALAXY TYPE
0PLAC+ XS "N C>D (IN BRL AND_/OR PR9T)
9 ! EMPTY -"P;T 2L ! CORRESPOND+
GALAXY IMAGE4                    A#AEH
      ,'@(,IMAGE ( GALAXY IMAGE
    OV]LAYS1 PAIR$ ) "N C>DS1 >E %[N 9
    ! PR9T GUIDEBOOK4@),'
----------------------------------#AEI
  ,IF AVAILA#1 USE ,PICTURE ,MAK] OR !
,DRAFTSMAN 6DRAW DI6]5T GALAXY TYPES4
,CR1TE A 8GALAXY SKY0 0R&OMLY >RANG+ !
GALAXIES ON ! ,PICTURE ,MAK] BO>D OR
PIECE ( ,DRAFTSMAN FILM4 ,H ! /UD5T
TACTU,Y SE>* & ID5TIFY EA* GALAXY
0TYPE4
      ,'@(,IMAGE (A V>IETY ( GALAXY
    %APES BUILT ) ,PICTURE ,MAK]
    PIECES IS %[N 9 ! PR9T
    GUIDEBOOK4@),'
  .,SCI;E .,TIDBIT3 ,! ,&ROM$A ,GALAXY
& \R ,MILKY ,WAY >E EXPECT$ 6COLLIDE 9
AB #5 BILLION YE>S4
  ,HUB#'S ,LAW /ATES T ! F>!R A GALAXY
IS F ,E>?1 ! FA/] X IS MOV+ AWAY F U4
  ,! ,MEGELLANIC ,CL\DS1 SE5 ONLY F !
,S\!RN ,HEMISPH]E1 >E IRREGUL> DW>F
GALAXIES T LOOK L ?UMBPR9TS 9 ! SKY4
,!Y >E "ND = ,F]D9& ,MAGELLAN     #AHA
:O SAW !M Z HE SAIL$ >.D !       A#AEI
,CAPE ( ,GD ,HOPE AT ! S\!RN TIP (
,AFRICA ON ! F/ VOYAGE >.D ! _W 9
#1519-1523_4
----------------------------------#AFJ
  ,VISIT ! FOLL[+ ,WEBSITES = M 9=M,N
AB GALAXIES3

,SPACE4COM3 ,ALL ,AB ,GALAXIES
  _+HTTP://WWW.SPACE.COM/GALAXY/_:
,,NASA ,SCI;E3 ,A/ROPHYSICS3 ,GALAXIES
  _+HTTP://NASASCIENCE.NASA.GOV/_&
  ASTROPHYSICS/WHAT-ARE-GALAXIES_:
,HUB#,SITE3 ,PICTURE ,ALBUM3 ,GALAXIES
  _+HTTP://HUBBLESITE.ORG/GALLERY/_&
  ALBUM/GALAXY/_:
,N,NAL ,OPTICAL ,A/RONOMY ,OBS]VATORY
  _+HTTP://WWW.NOAO.EDU/IMAGE_&
  __GALLERY/GALAXIES.HTML_:
,,NASA ,SCI;E3 ,A/ROPHYSICS3 ,! ,BIG
  ,BANG _+HTTP://NASASCIENCE.NASA._&
  GOV/ASTROPHYSICS/WHAT-POWERED-THE-_&
  BIG-BANG_:


             ,ACTIV;Y #17         #AFA
        ,,MILKY ,,WAY ,,GALAXY

  .,OBJECTIVE3 ,LE>N AB ! 9T]E/+
F1TURES (! ,MILKY ,WAY ,GALAXY1
ESPECI,Y XS OV]ALL %APE &! LOC,N ( \R
,SOL> ,SY/EM )9 ! GALAXY4
  .,VOCABUL>Y3 ,&ROM$A1 B>R$ SPIRAL
GALAXY1 BLACK HOLE1 9T]/ELL> MATT]1
LI<T-YE>1 ,LOCAL ,GR\P1 ,MILKY ,WAY
,GALAXY1 ,ORION ,>M1 ,SOL> ,SY/EM1
SPIRAL GALAXY1 />S1 ,SUN1 ,UNIV]SE
  .,MAT]IALS3 ,S5SE ( ,SCI;E3
,A/RONOMY MAT]IALS3

,MILKY ,WAY ,GALAXY ,OV]LAY
,GALAXY ,TYPE ,OV]LAYS

  ,OP;NAL ,MAT]IALS (FOR ,EXT5.N
,ACTIVITIES & ,MA? ,3NEC;N)_3

,CRAYOLA^R ,MODEL ,MAGIC1 CLAY1 OR
  PLAYD\< (ENOUGH = EA* /UD5T OR PAIR
  ( /UD5TS 6CR1TE A MODEL (! ,MILKY
  ,WAY)                           #AHC
,SMALL B1D                        #AFB
,PO/] BO>D
,TWO ITEMS *OS5 0! /UD5T(S)--"O L>G]
  ?AN ! O!R (E4G41 TWO J> LIDS)
,LABEL+ MAT]IAL 6CR1TE BRL_/PR9T
  LABELS
,BLUE PIPE CL1N]S OR ,WIKKI,/IX^R
,R$ TISSUE PAP]
,GRAPHIC >T TAPE OR PUFF PA9T
,S\RCES (BOOKS & ,WEBSITES) 6RESE>*
  9=M,N AB ! ,MILKY ,WAY ,GALAXY4

  .,PROC$URE3 ,REVIEW UNIQUE F1TURES &
9T]E/+ FACTS AB ! ,MILKY ,WAY ,GALAXY
)! CLASS4 ,ASK /UD5TS 6%>E :AT !Y MI<T
ALR "K AB \R HOME GALAXY4

,! ,MILKY ,WAY IS "O ( BILLIONS (
  GALAXIES T MAKE UP ! ,UNIV]SE4
,! ,MILKY ,WAY HAS SPIRAL+ >MS T EXT5D
  \ F A B"R1 C5TRAL BULGE4
,ALL OBJECTS 9 ! ,MILKY ,WAY REVOLVE
  >.D XS C5T]4
,GRAV;Y HOLDS ! />S1 GAS1 & DU/ 9
  ORBIT >.D ! C5T] (! ,MILKY ,WAY4
,! ,SOL> ,SY/EM IS LOCAT$ ON "O   #AFC
  (! SPIRAL >MS (! ,MILKY ,WAY1 AB
  HALF WAY \4
,F ,E>?1 ! ,MILKY ,WAY APPE>S Z A HAZY
  B& OR CL\D ( LI<T T /RET*ES ACR !
  SKY4

  ,4CUSS IMPORTANT F1TURES (! ,MILKY
,WAY3

.,BULGE--C5TRAL >EA T HAS ! HI<E/
  D5S;Y ( />S &! >EA AT : ! ,MILKY
  ,WAY IS XS ?ICKE/4 ,/>S CLOSE/ 6!
  C5T] (": GRAV;Y IS ! /R;GE/) ORBIT
  FA/] ?AN ^? NE> ! $GE (! GALAXY4
  ,SCI5TI/S 2LIEVE T A MASSIVE BLACK
  HOLE RESIDES AT ! C5T] (! ,MILKY
  ,WAY4
.,DISK--A FLATT5$ >EA (! ,MILKY ,WAY
  ,GALAXY MADE UP ( SPIRAL+ >MS--B&S (
  BRILLIANT />S4 ,"Y] />S RESIDE 9 ?
  >EA1 Z DOES VIRTU,Y ALL (! GALAXY'S
  GAS & DU/4 ,! ,SOL> ,SY/EM IS LOCAT$
  F> F ! C5T] (! ,MILKY ,WAY AL;G !
  ,ORION ,>M4                     #AHE
.,HALO--SPH]ICAL REGION )A L[    A#AFC
  D5S;Y ( />S T SURR.DS ! 5TIRE SPIRAL
  DISK4 ,X 3TA9S ! OLDE/ />S 9 !
  GALAXY4

  ,ALL[ EA* /UD5T 6CR1TE 9DIVIDUAL
MODELS (! ,MILKY ,WAY ,GALAXY US+
,CRAYOLA^R ,MODEL ,MAGIC1 CLAY1 OR
PLAYD\<1 =M+ ! C5TRAL BULGE & DISK )
SPIRAL+ >MS4 ,9S]T A SMALL B1D (4C]NI#
0T\*
----------------------------------#AFD
&(A 3TRA/+ COLOR) 9 "O (! >MS
6REPRES5T ! LOC,N (! ,SOL> ,SY/EM4
,9DICATE T _! MODELS %[ A TOP VIEW (!
,MILKY ,WAY ,GALAXY4
  .,EXT5.N .,ACTIVITIES3 ,EXPLA9 T !
,MILKY ,WAY ,GALAXY 2L;GS 6A CLU/] (
GALAXIES CALL$ ! ,LOCAL ,GR\P4 ,?
GALAXY CLU/] IS MADE UP ( #30 TO #40
GALAXIES ( V>I\S SIZES & TYPES4 ,!
,&ROM$A ,GALAXY IS ! L>GE/ GALAXY 9 !
GR\P2 ! ,MILKY ,WAY IS ! SECOND L>GE/4
,ON A L>GE PO/] BO>D PLAC$ ON A FLAT
SURFACE1 H /UD5TS MAKE A TACTILE MAP (
\R GALAXY 8NEI<BORHOOD40         A#AFD
,5C\RAGE !M 6BE CR1TIVE 9 _! SELEC;N (
ITEMS 6REPRES5T ! GALAXIES4 ,=
EXAMPLE1 ! ,MILKY ,WAY C 2 REPRES5T$ L
S3 BLUE ,WIKKI,/IX^R OR PIPE CL1N]S
(6REPRES5T ! LOC,N ( "Y />S) C 2 US$
6CR1TE ! W9D+ >MS T SURR.D A J> LID
(THE C5TRAL BULGE (! GALAXY)_4 ,WRAP !
J> LID ) R$ TISSUE PAP] 6REPRES5T ?
>EA T 3TA9S OLD] />S4 ,A BRL_/PR9T
/ICK] 9DICAT+ 8,Y ,>E ,"H0 C 2 PLAC$
NE> ! ,ORION ,>M (OR ,LOCAL ,>M) 6M>K
! LOC,N (! ,SOL> ,SY/EM4 ,S9CE ,&ROM$A
IS ! L>GE/ GALAXY 9 ! ,LOCAL ,GR\P1 X
C 2 REPRES5T$ 0A L>G] J> LID4 ,ATTA*
BRL_/PR9T LABELS 6! TWO J> LIDS
69DICATE ! "N ( EA* GALAXY4 ,DRAW
TACTILE_/PR9T L9ES (E4G41 US+ GRAPHIC
>T TAPE OR PUFF PA9T) 2T ! GALAXIES &
9DICATE LI<T-YE> 4T.ES )A BRL_/PR9T
LABEL4
----------------------------------#AFE
  .,MA? .,3NEC;N3 ,H /UD5TS RESE>* &
CR1TE A PIE *>T %[+ ! ,MILKY ,WAY'S
GALACTIC -POSI;N3 #90@0 />S &     #AHG
#10@0 GAS & DU/ @(9T]/ELL>       A#AFE
MATT]@)_4 ,"! >E BILLIONS ( />S 9 !
,MILKY ,WAY ,GALAXY1 B MO/ >E N VISI#
F ,E>?4
  ,H /UD5TS RESE>* ! FOLL[+ & MAKE
BRL_/PR9T LABELS T C 2 TAP$ TEMPOR>ILY
ON ! ,MILKY ,WAY ,GALAXY ,OV]LAY
69DICATE _! F9D+S4 ,REM9D /UD5TS T A
LI<T-YE> IS ! 4T.E LI<T TRAVELS 9 A
YE>--APPROXIMATELY #6 TRILLION MILES
(9.5 TRILLION KILOMET]S)_4

,DIAMET] (! 5TIRE ,MILKY ,WAY
  @(100,000 LI<T-YE>S@)
,4T.E (! ,SOL> ,SY/EM F ! C5T] (!
  ,MILKY ,WAY ,GALAXY @(AB #30,000
  LI<T-YE>S@)
,! ?ICK;S (! ,MILKY ,WAY'S C5TRAL
  BULGE @(AB #3,000 LI<T-YE>S 9 DEP?@)

  .,LANGUAGE .,3NEC;N3 ,4CUSS ! ORIG9
(! ,MILKY ,WAY ,GALAXY'S "N & RELAT$
MY?S4 @(,XS "N ORIG9ATES F ! ,GREEK &
,LAT9 ^WS = 8MILK40 ,A MY? 0ANCI5T
,GREEKS SU7E/$ T ! :ITE /R1K 9 ! SKY 0
A 8RIV] ( MILK40@)               B#AFE
  ,RESE>* ! "NS (! SPIRAL >MS (!
,MILKY ,WAY (E4G41 ,CYGNUS1 ,P]SEUS1
,ORION1 ,SAGITT>IUS1 ,SCUTUM-,CRUX1
,NORMA), Z WELL Z ! "NS
----------------------------------#AFF
(! 8MEMB]S0 (! ,LOCAL ,GR\P (E4G41
,SCULPTOR1 ,TUCANA1 ,TRIANGULUM1 ,LEO
,I1 ,PHOENIX ,DW>F1 ETC4)_4
  ,H EA* /UD5T WRITE A /ORY AB 8
IMAG9>Y TRAVELS "? ! ,MILKY ,WAY
AND_/OR O!R GALAXIES4
  .,VISUAL .,ADAPT,N3 ,US+ ! ,MILKY
,WAY ,GALAXY ,OV]LAY1 EMPHASIZE !
DI6];E 2T ! VIEWS %[N--TOP VIEW & SIDE
VIEW4 ,! TOP VIEW REPRES5TS :AT !
,MILKY ,WAY ,GALAXY WD LOOK L F ABV--T
IS1 A GIGANTIC :IRLPOOL ) SPIRAL+ >MS4
,! SIDE VIEW LOOKS L A ?9 DISK )A
SLI<T BUMP 9 ! C5T]4 ,EXPLA9 T WE >E
ALW 9SIDE ! ,MILKY ,WAY ,GALAXY1 "!=E
BO? ! SIDE VIEW &! TOP VIEW _C 2 SE5 F
,E>?'S P]SPECTIVE4 ,! OV]LAY AL %[S !
POSI;N ( \R ,SOL> ,SY/EM (REPRES5T$ 0A
BOLD RAIS$ DOT) )9 ! ,MILKY       #AHI
,WAY4 ,EMPHASIZE T ! ,SUN .IS    A#AFF
.N LOCAT$ 9 ! C5T] (! ,MILKY ,WAY4
  ,US+ ! ,GALAXY ,TYPE ,OV]LAYS1 H !
/UD5T LOCATE ! GALAXY TYPE T
ILLU/RATES ! %APE (! ,MILKY ,WAY4
@(,AL? ! ,MILKY ,WAY HAS TYPIC,Y BE5
CLASSIFI$ Z A NORMAL SPIRAL1 REC5T
EVID;E SU7E/S X IS A B>R$ SPIRAL
GALAXY4@) ,VISIT ! FOLL[+3 _+HTTP://_&
APOD.NASA.GOV/APOD/AP050825.HTML_:
----------------------------------#AFG
  .,SCI;E .,TIDBIT3 ,! ,SOL> ,SY/EM
REVOLVES >.D ! MI4LE (! ,MILKY ,WAY AB
ONCE E #240 MILLION YE>S4
  ,! ,MILKY ,WAY'S CLOSE/ NEI<BORS >E
! ,L>GE & ,SMALL ,MEGELLANIC ,CL\DS4
  ,9 #1918, ,H>L[ ,%APLEY1 AN ,AM]ICAN
A/RONOM]1 0 ! F/ 6GIVE A R1LI/IC
E/IMATE (! SIZE (! ,MILKY ,WAY ,GALAXY
&! LOC,N ( XS C5T]4
  ,VISIT ! FOLL[+ ,WEBSITES = M 9=M,N
AB ! ,MILKY ,WAY3



  ,,NASA,''S ,IMAG9E !           A#AFG
,UNIV]SE6 ,! ,MILKY ,WAY ,GALAXY
_+HTTP://IMAGINE.GSFC.NASA.GOV/DOCS/_&
FEATURES/OBJECTS/MILKYWAY1.HTML_:
  ,ATLAS (! ,UNIV]SE3 ,A ,MAP (!
,MILKY ,WAY
_+HTTP://WWW.ATLASOFTHEUNIVERSE.COM/_&
MILKYWAY.HTML_:
  ,SPACE4COM3 ,ALL ,AB ! ,MILKY ,WAY
_+HTTP://WWW.SPACE.COM/MILKYWAY/_:
------------------------------#AFH-AFI
             ,ACTIV;Y #18
         ,,ABUNDANT ,,A/]IODS

  .,OBJECTIVE3 ,LE>N AB ! 9T]E/+
F1TURES & "*I/ICS ( A/]OIDS & BUILD A
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----------------------------------#AIJ

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             ,APP5DIX ;,B     #BJB-BJC

        ,,A/RONOMY ,,WEBSITES

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             ,APP5DIX ;,C     #BJH-BJI

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(,PROVIDES EQUIP;T1 ACTIVITIES1 &
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,9T]N,NAL ,A/RONOMICAL ,UNION ,(FICIAL
  ORGANIZ,N T DEF9ES /&>DS = USE 9
  A/RONOMY4
,9T]/ELL> ,MATT] ,! GAS & DU/ T
  O3UPIES ! SPACE 2T ! />S )9 A
  GALAXY4
----------------------------------#BBH
,IRREGUL> ,GALAXY ,A SMALL GALAXY T
  HAS NO OBVI\S %APE OR /RUCTURE4

      ,HYDRA--,IRREGUL> ,GALAXY
                 ;,J             A#BBH
,JOVIAN ,PLANETS ,9CLUDES ! GAS GIANTS
  ,JUPIT]1 ,SATURN1 ,URANUS1 &
  ,NEPTUNE4
,JUPIT] ,! FIF? PLANET F ! ,SUN4
                 ;,K
,KUIP] ,BELT ,A REGION 9 ! ,SOL>
  ,SY/EM1 2Y ! ORBIT ( ,NEPTUNE1 T IS
  HOME 6%ORT-P]IOD -ETS & ICE DW>F
  PLANETS4
                 ;,L
,LA/ (,?IRD) ,QU>T] ,MOON ,! LUN>
  PHASE :5 ! ,MOON IS HALF-ILLUM9AT$4
  ,! SIDE ILLUM9AT$ IS OPPOSITE T HALF
  ILLUM9AT$ DUR+ A ,F/ ,QU>T] ,MOON4
----------------------------------#BBI
,LAVA ,MOLT5 ROCK4
,LI<T-,YE> ,AN A/RONOMICAL UNIT (
  M1SURE;T EQUAL 6! 4T.E LI<T TRAVELS
  9 A YE>--APPROXIMATELY #6 TRILLION
  MILES (9.5 TRILLION KILOMET]S)_4
,LOCAL ,GR\P ,! GALAXY CLU/] 6: !
  ,MILKY ,WAY 2L;GS4
,LUM9OS;Y ,! TOTAL AM.T ( LI<T T AN
       ,JOVIAN ,PLAN4--,LUM9OS4   #BEE
  OBJECT (E4G41 />) RADIATES4    A#BBI
,LUN> ,ANY?+ D1L+ )! ,MOON4
,LUN> ,ECLIPSE ,O3URS :5 ! ,E>? LIES
  2T ! ,SUN &! ,MOON4 ,ALL OR "P (!
  ,SUN'S LI<T IS BLOCK$ F ! ,MOON4
,LUN> ,MON? ,! AM.T ( "T X TAKES =!
  ,MOON 6PASS "? EA* ( XS PHASES &
  RETURN 6XS ORIG9AL POSI;N (E4G41
  ,NEW ,MOON)--#29 "DS1 #12 H\RS1 &
  #44 M9UTES4
----------------------------------#BCJ
                 ;,M
,MA9 ,BELT ,A/]OID ,"O ( _M A/]OIDS
  LOCAT$ )9 ! ,A/]OID ,BELT 2T ,M>S &
  ,JUPIT]4
,MA9 ,SEQU;E ,/>S ,/>S T APPE> Z A
  3T9U\S B& ON ! ,H]TZSPRUNG-,RUSSELL
  ,DIAGRAM4 ,MO/ />S )9 \R GALAXY1
  9CLUD+ \R ,SUN1 >E CURR5TLY MA9
  SEQU;E />S4
,MANTLE ,A LAY] ( MOLT5 ROCK T LIES 2T
  ! CRU/ &! CORE (A PLANET OR MOON4
,M>IA ,D>K1 RELATIVELY SMOO? >1S ON !
  SURFACE (! ,MOON4
             ,LUN>--,M>IA
,M>S ,! F\R? PLANET F ! ,SUN4    A#BCJ
,MASS ,! AM.T ( MATT] T "S?+ IS MADE
  (4
----------------------------------#BCA
,MATT] ,ANY?+ T HAS BO? MASS & VOLUME4
,M]CURY ,! NE>E/ PLANET 6! ,SUN4
,METEOR ,A B"R /1K ( LI<T 9 ! SKY
  CAUS$ 0! 5TRY 96,E>?'S ATMOSPH]E 0A
  METEOROID4 ,AL CALL$ .%OOT+ ./> OR
  .FALL+ ./>4
,METEOR ,%[] ,A BRIEF1 B SPECTACUL>
  4PLAY ( METEORS CAUS$ 0! ,E>? MOV+
  ACR ! ORBIT (A -ET4
,METEORITE ,A ROCK T HAS TRAVEL$ "?
  ,E>?'S ATMOSPH]E & L&S ON XS
  SURFACE4
,METEOROID ,A SMALL "PICLE ( ROCK OR
  DU/ F A -ET1 A/]OID1 & O!R CELE/IAL
  BODY TRAVEL+ "? SPACE4
----------------------------------#BCB
,MILKY ,WAY ,GALAXY ,"N (! GALAXY 6:
  ,E>? 2L;GS1 9CLUD+ ! ,SUN & XS ,SOL>
  ,SY/EM4
,M9OR ,PLANET ,ANO!R "N = AN A/]OID4
         ,M>S--,M9OR ,PLANET      #BEG
,MOON ,A NATURAL SATELLITE T     A#BCB
  ROTATES >.D A PLANET4
                 ;,N
,,NASA ,! .,N,'ATIONAL .,A,'ERONAUTICS
  & .,S,'PACE .,A,'DMINISTRATION : IS
  9 *>GE ( ALL SPACE PROGRAMS =!
  ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4
,NE>-,E>? ,A/]OID ,AN A/]OID T TRAVELS
  CLOSE 6! ,SUN & CROSSES ,E>?'S
  ORBIT4
,NEBULA ,A CL\D ( GAS AND_/OR DU/ 9
  9T]/ELL> SPACE S5T \ 0A DY+ COLLAPS+
  />4
----------------------------------#BCC
,NEPTUNE ,! EI<? PLANET F ! ,SUN4
,NEUTRON ,/> ,A COLLAPS$ /> MADE UP
  ALM 5TIRELY ( NEUTRONS4
,NEW ,MOON ,! LUN> PHASE :5 ! ,MOON IS
  N VISI# F ,E>?4
,NIX ,"O ( ,PLUTO'S -PANION MOONS4
 ,NOR!RN ,CIRCUMPOL> ,3/ELL,NS
  ,3/ELL,NS T CIRCLE ! ,NOR? ,/>
  (,POL>IS) & >E VISI# ALL YE>4
,NUCLE> ,FU.N ,A REAC;N 9 />S T FUSES
         ,MOON--,NUCLE> ,FU.N
  LI<T] ELE;TS 96H1VI] "OS4 ,!   A#BCC
  ,SUN FUSES HYDROG5 62COME HELIUM4
,NUCLEUS ,! C5TRAL PO9T >.D : O!R ?+S
  >E >RANG$--E4G41 ! H1D (A -ET4
----------------------------------#BCD
                 ;,O
,OLYMPUS ,MONS ,! L>GE/ VOLCANO 9 !
  ,SOL> ,SY/EM1 LOCAT$ ON ! PLANET
  ,M>S4
,OORT ,CL\D ,A L>GE SPH]ICAL REGION
  SURR.D+ ! ,SOL> ,SY/EM F> 2Y ,PLUTO
  &! ,KUIP] ,BELT4 ,S\RCE ( L;G-P]IOD
  -ETS4
,ORBIT ,! ELLIPTICAL PA? ( "O BODY >.D
  ANO!R (E4G41 PLANET >.D A />1 A MOON
  >.D A PLANET1 OR A /> >.D ! C5T] (A
  GALAXY)_4
,ORBIT] ,! "P (! ,SPACE ,%UTTLE T
  LOOKS L AN AIRPLANE1 TRAVELS 96SPACE
  ) P & C>GO1 & RETURNS 6,E>?4
,ORION ,>M ,! SPIRAL >M (! ,MILKY ,WAY
  9 : ! ,SOL> ,SY/EM RESIDES4


         ,NUCLEUS--,ORION ,>M     #BEI
                 ;,P              #BCE
,"PIAL ,SOL> ,ECLIPSE ,:5 ! ,MOON
  COV]S ONLY "P (! ,SUN'S DISK F
  ,E>?'S P]SPECTIVE4
,PA? ( ,TOTAL;Y ,! TRACK (! ,MOON'S
  UMBRAL %AD[ Z X SWEEPS ACR ! ,E>?'S
  SURFACE DUR+ A TOTAL SOL> ECLIPSE4
,P5UMBRA ,! >EA ( "PIAL ILLUM9,N ON EI
  SIDE (! D>KE/ "P (THE .UMBRA) (A
  %AD[ CAUS$ 0AN ELLIPSE4
,P]IHELION ,! PLACE 9 A PLANET'S OR
  -ET'S ORBIT ": X IS CLOSE/ 6! ,SUN4
,PHASE ,H[ A PLANET OR MOON LOOKS F
  ,E>? AT "S "P ( XS ORBIT :5 X IS LIT
  0! ,SUN4
,PHOBOS ,! L>GE/ MOON (! PLANET ,M>S4
----------------------------------#BCF
,PHOTOSPH]E ,3SID]$ ! 8SURFACE0 (!
  ,SUN & MAKES ! ,SUN APPE> Z A SOLID
  SPH]E4
,PLANET ,A SPH]ICAL OBJECT ORBIT+ !
  ,SUN T DOM9ATES XS >EA (! ,SOL>
  ,SY/EM & DOES N PRODUCE XS [N LI<T4
,PLANET>Y ,R+S ,BELTS ( ROCKS1 ICE1 &
       ,"PIAL ,SOL>--,PLANET>Y
  DU/ ORBIT+ 9 A DISK-%AP$ >EA   A#BCF
  OV] A PLANET'S EQUATOR4
,PLANETOID ,ANO!R T]M = AN A/]OID4
,PLUTO ,ONCE 3SID]$ ! N9? PLANET1 X IS
  N[ DEF9$ Z A .DW>F .PLANET1 Z WELL Z
  A ,KUIP] ,BELT OBJECT4
,PLUTOID ,A DW>F PLANET T RESIDES 2Y !
  ORBIT ( ,NEPTUNE4
----------------------------------#BCG
,PO9T] ,/>S ,TWO OR M />S 9 A 3/ELL,N
  T PO9T ! WAY 6ANO!R 3/ELL,N4
,POL>IS ,! ,NOR? ,/> F.D AT ! TIP (!
  H&LE (! ,LL ,DIPP] (,URSA ,M9OR)_4
,POLE ,! 5D PO9TS (A _W'S AXIS ( ROT,N
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,PROM9;E ,A VISI# LOOP ( GL[+1 HOT GAS
  T EXT5DS \TW>D F ! ,SUN'S SURFACE
  96XS *ROMOSPH]E OR CORONA LAY]4
,PULS> ,A NEUTRON /> T SP9S V RAPIDLY4
----------------------------------#BCH
                 ;,R
,RADI,N ,Z"O ,! Z"O 9 ! 9T]IOR MI4LE
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       ,PLANETOID--,RADI,N ,Z"O   #BFA
,R$ ,DW>F ,A SMALL1 DIM /> T T   A#BCH
  W LIVE = _M BILLIONS ( YE>S4 ,X IS !
  MO/ -MON TYPE ( />4
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,RETROGRADE ,ROT,N ,A ROT,N 9 !
  OPPOSITE DIREC;N F ! ROT,N ( MO/ (!
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  >.D ! ,SUN1 OR A MOON'S ORBIT >.D XS
  PLANET4
----------------------------------#BCI
,R+ ,>C ,B"R1 CRESC5T-%AP$ SEG;TS F.D
  )9 ,NEPTUNE'S \T]MO/ R+4
,ROCKET ,A VEHICLE T C ESCAPE F !
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                 ;,S
,SATELLITE ,ANY OBJECT T ORBITS A L>G]
  OBJECT4 ,"! >E NATURAL SATELLITES
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        ,R$ ,DW>F--,SATELLITE
  (E4G41 ,HUB# ,SPACE            A#BCI
  ,TELESCOPE)_4
,SATURN ,! SIX? PLANET F ! ,SUN4
----------------------------------#BDJ
,S1SON ,A DIVI.N 9 ! YE> (E4G41 W9T]1
  SPR+1 SUMM]1 & FALL) "*IZ$ 0"PICUL>
  W1!R & TEMP]ATURE 3DI;NS1 & AM.T &
  ANGLE ( SUNLI<T4
,%EPH]D ,MOON ,A SMALL MOON (E4G41
  ,SATURN'S ,P&ORA & ,PROME!US) T
  ORBITS 9SIDE OR \TSIDE A R+ & KEEPS
  ! R+ "PICLES 9 PLACE 0XS GRAVIT,NAL
  =CE4
,SOL> ,ANY?+ 6D )! ,SUN4
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  2T ! ,E>? &! ,SUN4
,SOL> ,FL>E ,SU45 ERUP;N ( 9T5SE
  RADI,N F ! ,SUN'S SURFACE4
,SOL> ,SY/EM ,! ,SUN1 OR ANY />1 & XS
  FAMILY ( PLANETS & O!R OBJECTS HELD
  TGR 0GRAV;Y4
----------------------------------#BDA
,SOL> ,W9D ,/R1MS ( *>G$ "PICLES FL[+
  \ F ! ,SUN AT A HI< SPE$4
         ,SATURN--,SOL> ,W9D      #BFC
,SOLID ,ROCKET ,BOO/]S ,TWO      A#BDA
  L;G1 ?9 ROCKETS T PROVIDE MO/ (!
  ,SPACE ,%UTTLE'S LIFT DUR+ ! F/ TWO
  M9UTES ( FLI<T4
,SOL/ICE ,HAPP5S TWICE A YE>
  (MID-SUMM] & MID-W9T]) :5 ,E>?'S
  POLES >E TILT$ AT ! MAXIMUM T[>D OR
  AWAY F ! ,SUN4
,SPACE ,"EY?+ 9 ! ,UNIV]SE1 EXP&+
  \TW>DS4
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  ,E>? 6EXPLORE ANO!R PLANET1 MOON1 OR
  \T] SPACE4
,SPACE ,%UTTLE ,A REUSA# SPACECRAFT
  DESIGN$ 6TAKE P & C>GO 2T ,E>? &
  SPACE4
----------------------------------#BDB
,SPACE ,/,N ,A L>GE SATELLITE & C 2
  O3UPI$ 0P = L;G P]IODS ( "T S T
  EXP]I;TS C 2 3DUCT$4
,SPIRAL ,GALAXY ,A GALAXY MADE (
  BILLIONS ( />S HELD TGR 0GRAV;Y4 ,X
  REVOLVES >.D A C5TRAL GIANT BLACK
  HOLE4
      ,SOLID ,ROC4--,SPIR4 ,GAL4
,/> ,A V HOT BALL ( GAS T        A#BDB
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  LI<T ( XS [N 5]GY4
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  A COLLI.N 2T TWO GALAXIES & IS !
  LOC,N ( />S =M+ AT A V HI< RATE4
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  ,SY/EM4
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  PAIRS) ON ! ,SUN'S PHOTOSPH]E4
,SUP]CLU/] ,A CLU/] (A CLU/] (
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----------------------------------#BDC
,SUP]GIANTS ,L>GE/ & R>E/ ( "KN />S 9
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  HUGE OLD /> T CAUSES ! /> 6%9E "S"TS
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        ,/>--,SYN*RON\S ,ORBIT    #BFE
  ORBIT+ BODY HAS AN ORBITAL     A#BDC
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                 ;,T
,TAIL ,! /R1M ( VISI# GASES & DU/ T
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  ,SUN4
----------------------------------#BDD
,TELESCOPE ,AN 9/RU;T MADE ( L5SES &
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  96SPACE4
,T]RE/RIAL ,PLANETS ,! F\R PLANETS
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  ROCK & METAL & H NO R+S4 ,^! 9CLUDE
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,TRANS-,NEPTUNIAN ,OBJECT ,AN OBJECT T
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,TROJAN ,A/]OIDS ,GR\PS ( A/]OIDS T
       ,TAIL--,TROJAN ,A/]OIDS
  %>E ,JUPIT]'S ORBITAL PA?4     A#BDD
----------------------------------#BDE
                 ;,U
,UMBRA ,! REGION ( TOTAL D>K;S 9 !
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  .,LL .,DIPP]4 ,? 3/ELL,N 9CLUDES !
  ,NOR? ,/>4
----------------------------------#BDF
                 ;,V
,VALLES ,M>9]IS ,A GR& CANYON T RUNS
  ACR "O-F\R? ( ,M>S' SURFACE4
,V>IA# ,/> ,A /> T FLUCTUATES 9 B"R;S4
,V5US ,! SECOND PLANET F ! ,SUN4
                 ;,W
,WAN+ ,DECR1S+ 9 ILLUM9,N4
            ,UMBRA--,WAN+         #BFG
,WAX+ ,9CR1S+ 9 ILLUM9,N4        A#BDF
,:ITE ,DW>F ,A DY+ /> T HAS EXHAU/$
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  6A SMALL SIZE4
----------------------------------#BDG
                 ;,Y
,YELL[ ,DW>F ,AN ORD9>Y /> S* Z \R
  ,SUN4
                 ;,Z
,ZODIAC ,3/ELL,NS ,AN IMAG9>Y B& (
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  ,ECLIPTIC4












       ,WAX+--,ZODIAC ,3/ELL,NS
            ,BIBLIOGRAPHY     #BDH-BDI

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  .SPACE4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,K+FI%]4
,BURNHAM1 ,R4 (2000)_4 ..,! ,R1D]'S
  ,DIGE/ *N'S ATLAS (! .UNIV]SE4
  ,PL1SANTVILLE1 ,,NY3 ,R1D]'S ,DIGE/
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,CL>K1 ,S4 (2000)_4 ..,J\RNEY 6! ./>S4
  ,H;G ,K;G3 ,B>NES @& ,NOBEL ,BOOKS4
,DY]1 ,A4 (2007)_4 .,SPACE4 ,NEW
  ,YORK3 ,SIMON @& ,S*U/] ,BOOKS = ,"Y
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,EVANS1 ,C4 (,$4)_4 (1994)_4
  ..,USBORNE "U/&+ SCI;E3 .,A/RONOMY4
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  .,GL5COE .SCI;E3 .,A/RONOMY4 ,NEW
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                                  #BFI
,PE>CE1 ,Q4 ,L4 (1993)_4 ..,!    A#BDI
  SCI;E ALMANAC = .KIDS4 ,NEW ,YORK3
  ,,RGA ,PUBLI%+ ,GR\P1 ,9C4
----------------------------------#BEJ
,S*OLA/IC4 (2008)_4 ..,! ULTIMATE
  9T]ACTIVE ATLAS ( .SPACE4 ,NEW
  ,YORK3 ,S*OLA/IC1 ,9C4
,/EELE1 ,P4 (1995)_4 ..,"Y OBS]V]3
  ,BLACK HOLES & O!R SPACE .PH5OM5A4
  ,NEW ,YORK3 ,S*OLA/IC1 ,9C4
,VAN,CL1VES1 ,J4 (2000)_4 ..,JANICE
  ,VAN,CL1VE'S ,SOL> .,SY/EM4 ,NEW
  ,YORK3 ,JOHN ,WILEY @& ,SONS1 ,9C4
,:ITT+HAM1 ,R4 (1999)_4 ..,! A/RONOMY
  FACT .BOOK4 ,*IPPEWA ,FALLS1 ,,WI3
  ,HU2>D ,SCI5TIFIC1 ,9C4
,WYATT1 ,V41 @& ,F]N&ES1 ,M4 (2002)_4
  ..,SPACE3 ,FREQU5TLY ASK$ ."QS4
  ,TONAW&A1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,KIDS ,C
  ,PRESS ,LTD4
,NOTE3 ,WEBSITES LI/$ "?\T ! ..,S5SE (
  ,SCI;E3 .,A/RONOMY ACTIVITIES &
  APP5DICES 7 A3ESS$ REP1T$LY =
  A4I;NAL 9=M,N "?\T ! C\RSE ( PRODUCT
  DEVELOP;T4   ,,! ,,5D
